Guidelines for conserving connectivity through ecological networks and corridors

Published: July 7, 2020

IUCN-WCPA's Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world's authoritative resource for protected area managers.Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation of ideas in field, distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN.Applied they build institutional individual capacity manage

Language: Английский

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Incorporating climate change adaptation into marine protected area planning

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 3251 - 3267

Published: March 28, 2020

Climate change is increasingly impacting marine protected areas (MPAs) and MPA networks, yet adaptation strategies are rarely incorporated into design management plans according to the primary scientific literature. Here we review state of knowledge for adapting existing future MPAs climate synthesize case studies (n = 27) how conservation planning can respond shifting environmental conditions. First, derive a generalized framework based on five published frameworks that incorporate inform design. We then summarize examples from literature assess goals were defined, vulnerability assessments performed or new MPAs. Our analysis revealed 82% real-world in tropical reefs, highlighting need research other ecosystems habitat types. found contrasting recommendations at stage, either focusing only refugia, aiming representative protection encompassing full range expected impacts. Recommendations more unified focused adaptative approaches. Lastly, evaluate common barriers adopting reviewing which conducted interviews with managers practitioners. This highlights lack evaluating different shortcomings current governance structures as two major barriers, discuss these could be overcome. provides comprehensive synthesis frameworks, studies, actions coordinated global effort adapt networks continued change.

Language: Английский

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Demystifying ecological connectivity for actionable spatial conservation planning

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(12), P. 1079 - 1091

Published: Sept. 28, 2022

There is a disconnect between global high-level conservation goals and on-the-ground actions such as maintaining ecosystem services or persistence local planning of protected areas.Dynamic processes ecological connectivity underpin species resilience but are difficult to represent in mathematical spatial problems for areas.Quantitative SMART (specific – measurable action-oriented realistic time-bound) objectives can provide link regional design implementation functionally connected area networks.With current gaps commitments increasing climate change threats, there tremendous opportunity use quantifiable vehicle future-proof networks help achieve goals. Connectivity underpins the life; it needs inform biodiversity decisions. Yet, when prioritising areas developing actions, not being operationalised planning. The challenge translation flows associated with into that lead actions. nebulous, be abstract mean different things people, making include problems. Here, we show how included mathematically defining objectives. We path forward linking goals, species’ persistence. propose ways management gain benefit from connectivity. In world dwindling natural resources human pressures, aim ensure habitats persist future. Most notably, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) SDG14 (life below water) SDG15 on land), Convention Biological Diversity’s (CBD) post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework halt loss services. A dominant mechanism these will through area-based [1.Pressey R.L. et al.The mismeasure conservation.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2021; 36: 808-821Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 2.Garibaldi L.A. al.Working landscapes need at least 20% native habitat.Conserv. Lett. 14e12773Crossref (109) 3.Nicholson E. al.Scientific foundations an goal, milestones indicators framework.Nat. 5: 1338-1349Crossref (42) Scholar], specific achieving protection ‘well-connected systems’. (see Glossary) populations, species, communities, ecosystems, thus play pivotal role strategies (e.g., [4.Wood S.L.R. al.Missing interactions: state multispecies analysis.Front. 2022; 10830822Crossref (7) 5.Magris R.A. al.Biologically representative well-connected marine reserves enhance planning.Conserv. 2018; 11e12439Crossref (71) 6.Riginos C. Beger M. Incorporating genetic measures adaptation corals.in: van Oppen Aranda Lastra M.I. Coral Reef Conservation Restoration ‘Omics’ Age. Springer, 2022Crossref Scholar]). conceptual advancements tools quantitatively integrate across land, freshwater, systems still developed [5.Magris Scholar,7.Tulloch V.J.D. al.Minimizing cross-realm threats land-use change: national-scale framework connecting freshwater systems.Biol. Conserv. 254108954Crossref (13) 8.Hermoso V. al.Conservation realms: enhancing multi-realm species.J. Appl. 58: 644-654Crossref (10) 9.Daigle R. al.Operationalizing Marxan Connect.Methods 2020; 11: 570-579Crossref (52) 10.Heino J. al.Integrating dispersal proxies environmental research realm.Environ. Rev. 2017; 25: 334-349Crossref (81) Scholar]), only implemented fraction existing [11.Balbar A.C. Metaxas A. application areas.Global 2019; 17e00569PubMed Scholar,12.Ward al.Just ten percent terrestrial network structurally via intact land.Nat. Commun. 4563Crossref (87) Scholar]. this opinion article, define flow energy, materials, organisms space. At level, includes adult propagule dispersal, movement migration, interactions, ontogenetic linkages. Flow dynamic, variable, often spatially unconstrained (Box 1), generating considerable formulating both suitable metrics useful traditional approaches [9.Daigle Scholar,13.Keeley A.T.H. al.Connectivity monitoring.Biol. 255109008Crossref (41) Scholar,14.Jafari N. al.Achieving full sites multiperiod reserve problem.Comput. Oper. Res. 81: 119-127Crossref (16) variable characteristics scale have led diverse characterisations conservation, ranging wetland linkages amphibians [15.Heard G.W. al.Refugia sustain amphibian metapopulations afflicted by disease.Ecol. 2015; 18: 853-863Crossref (65) Scholar] recent exchange among populations [16.Xuereb al.Individual-based eco-evolutionary models understanding changing seas.Proc. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 288: 20212006PubMed (Table 1). Assessments estate highlight shortfalls capturing dynamic processes, connectivity, where 9.7% land [12.Ward two thirds critical animals conserved [17.Brennan al.Functional world’s areas.Science. 376: 1101-1104Crossref (35) 17% free-flowing rivers [18.Opperman J.J. al.Safeguarding rivers: extent areas.Sustainability. 13: 2805Crossref 90.5% less than 5% their ranges [19.Klein C.J. al.Shortfalls representing biodiversity.Sci. Rep. 17539Crossref (112) This gap because broad translate quantitative objectives, data measure acquire, no scientific consensus appropriate assess retention improvement [13.Keeley especially multiple Scholar].Box 1Types scales hinder its estimationA key hurdle including spatial–temporal complexity. directionality, constraint, vary physical process, properties environment, flowing entity (Figure I). These occur any medium river, ocean, air) metres continents, hemispheres, ocean basins. Ensuing may manifested relevant over time hours centuries even longer (as case evolutionary scales). Many either symmetrical along animal migration corridors) asymmetrical ontogeny, seed larva dispersal). variability measurements each case.Directed involve single, direction II). constrained, relatively low lateral variation upstream downstream salmon transport leaf litter,movement corridors, annual bird migrations continents basins). Directed high. result moving entity, example spread invasive/range-expanding coast boundary current, turtle foraging spawning grounds, ungulate seasonal feeding grounds.In diffuse flows, proceeds number directions, originate single source during oil spill, nesting aggregation) sources introductions non-native species) III). They also constrained clear corridors pathways detrital valleys basins, within particular ambit, invasive disease bounded habitat) possible propagules dispersed wind current.Figure IIDirected has easier conceptualise.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure IIIDiffuse mixed strength extremely estimate.View (PPT)Table 1Connectivity value-laden concept. Selected contexts potential audiences applying concepts planningType connectivityDefinition/examplesReference definitionExample user groupLand–sea connectivityFlows sediment pollutants sea, rivers, sea[70.Suárez-Castro A.F. al.Global forest restoration opportunities foster coral reef conservation.Glob. Chang. 27: 5238-5252Crossref (12) Scholar]Ecologist, scientist, engineerOntogenetic connectivityMovement individuals occurring part life cycles (metres thousands km), e.g., amphibians[15.Heard Scholar,48.Kot C.Y. al.Network analysis sea movements connectivity: tool prioritization.Divers. Distrib. 28: 810-829Crossref (8) park managerCorridorsDistinct habitant patches linked facilitated. Disruption occurs due fragmentation[36.Keeley al.Thirty years planning: assessment factors influencing plan implementation.Environ. 14103001Crossref (55) Scholar]Environmental wildlife biologist, manager, tourism operatorPathogen dispersalAirborne fungal spores (regional continental scale, 50–5000 km)[46.Meyer al.Quantifying airborne routes pathogens safeguard wheat supply.Nat. Plants. 3: 780-786Crossref Scholar]EpidemiologistPollutant advection diffusionTransport sewage water)[54.Chaturvedi S.K. al.An spill detection using Sentinel 1 SAR-C images.J. Ocean Eng. 116-135Crossref (40) Scholar]Engineer, geophysicistDispersal connectivityThe juveniles distinct habitat patches. Scale highly dependent species[55.Hüssy K. al.Trace element patterns otoliths: biomineralization.Rev. Fish. Aquacult. 29: 445-477Crossref (79) Scholar,57.Lett al.Converging modeling air sea.Ecol. Model. 415108858Crossref (5) Scholar,58.Cecino G. Treml E.A. Local connections larval competency strongly influence metapopulation persistence.Ecol. 31e02302Crossref (6) Scholar,79.Harrison H.B. al.A portfolio effect stabilizes performance.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. 117: 25595Crossref (38) Scholar]Modeller, hydrodynamics engineer, oceanographer, ecologistMigrationThe scheduled individuals[47.Schuster al.Optimizing migratory cycle.Nat. 10: 1754Crossref (47) Scholar,83.Somveille general theory avian connectivity.Ecol. 24: 1848-1858Crossref Scholar]Wildlife ornithologist, operatorGenetic material nearby distant regions generations[16.Xuereb Scholar]Geneticist, ecologistTemporal connectivityLinkages shift time[51.Williams S.H. al.Incorporating optimal representation services.Conserv. 34: 934-942Crossref Scholar,84.Makino al.Spatio-temporal support high-latitude range expansion under change.Divers. 2014; 2014: 6-12Google Scholar]Climate ecologistEnergy flowTransport nutrients movement[39.Venarsky M.P. al.Spatial temporal fish community biomass energy throughout tropical river network.Freshw. 65: 1782-1792Crossref chemist Open table new tab case. grounds. (PPT) implementing explained fact concept broad, complex, means people times. many conceptualisations For example, manager Kenya most concerned enhances high-value, charismatic bring revenues experiences. By contrast, ecologist assisting Indo-Pacific value focus reefs aggregations [20.Beger priorities national policy.Nat. 6: 8208Crossref (99) climate-resilient [21.Beyer H. al.Risk-sensitive conserving rapid change.Conserv. 11e12587Crossref (122) As applied accounting perspectives stakeholders trade-offs, unified approach operationalise context One widely recognised, prioritised, historically forms which connect fragmented been impacted conversion Scholar,22.Hilty J.A. al.Corridor Ecology: Science Practice Conservation. Island Press, 2019Google Habitat fragmentation affects individuals, often, always [e.g., 23.Fahrig L. Ecological responses per se.Annu. Syst. 48: 1-23Crossref (598) reduces probabilities, mostly edge isolation effects [24.Fletcher R.J. al.Is good biodiversity?.Biol. 226: 9-15Crossref (326) interactions [25.Holyoak disturbance, seasonality, multi-year dynamics, dormancy Into dynamics metacommunities.Front. 8571130Crossref (18) However, corridor whilst important, addresses form structural serve few focal miss important unknown barriers [26.Merenlender A.M. al.Ecological species?.Theyra. 45-55Google ignore essential attributes needed retain functional matter energy. preserving [27.D'Aloia C.C. al.Coupled permanent change.Front. 7: 27Crossref (48) 28.Tittensor D.P. ocean.Sci. Adv. eaay9969Crossref (101) 29.Dunn D.C. importance policy.Proc. 286: 20191472PubMed plans lacking Scholar,18.Opperman Despite challenges, component CBD’s government policies targets. Spatial targets features prominently ongoing discussions. Our challenges facing ‘connectivity’ policy ambition become integrated deliver networks. recognise much progress made academic incorporating [8.Hermoso Scholar,30.Magris planning.Biol. 170: 207-221Crossref (138) 31.Andrello al.Additive supply fished areas.Divers. 21: 139-150Crossref (64) 32.Krueck N.C. MPA fisheries.Ecol. 925-941Crossref (70) 33.Dickson B.G. al.Circuit-theory applications science conservation.Conserv. 33: 239-249Crossref (178) transferability uptake methods real-world remains limited given explorations decision-makers ground social–economic considerations, equity, political realities) [34.Virtanen al.Marine analogues realm.Landsc. 35: 1021-1034Crossref (14) consequence, integration decisions practitioners fully realised though particularly addressing livelihoods [28.Tittensor overview organisms, achievement With examples, illustrate Planning protection, restoration, harvesting) long-term relates foundational principle adequacy Scholar,35.Kukkala A.S. Moilanen Core prioritisation systematic 2013; 88: 443-464Crossref (267) ensures coverage intensity enough maintain adaptive structured communities so they Scholar,36.Keeley Scholar,37.Jetz W. al.Include targets.Nat. 123-126Crossref Achieving requires continued integrity biological [38.Edelsparre A.H. al.Habitat determined strategy.Ecol. 8: 5508-5514Crossref (15) [39.Venarsky Scholar,40.Benkwitt C.E. al.Seabird nutrient subsidies alter algal abundance following bleaching event.Glob. 2619-2632Crossref (36) Flows carbon) subsidies) ecosystems achieved [41.Alberti complexity urban dynamics.Bioscience. 70: 772-793Crossref (58) Scholar,42.Olds A.D. seascape synthesis.Glob. Biogeogr. 2016; 3-15Crossref (107) genes amongst promoting diversity [6.Riginos Ree

Language: Английский

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Defining the qualitative elements of Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 with regard to the marine and coastal environment in order to strengthen global efforts for marine biodiversity conservation outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14

Marine Policy, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 93, P. 241 - 250

Published: June 8, 2017

Language: Английский

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Fishers’ Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) on Connectivity and Seascape Management

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: March 22, 2019

In developing countries where data and resources are lacking, the practical relevance of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) to expand our understanding environment has been highlighted. The potential roles LEK varies from direct applications such as gathering environmental information a more participative involvement community in management they depend on. Fishers' could therefore be useful order obtain advance coastal fisheries. Many targeted fish species migrate between habitats feed, spawn or recruit, connecting important within seascape. help provide answers questions related this connectivity identification habitat use migrations for areas knowledge is scarce. Here we assess fishers' on multiple tropical seascape, investigate differences among fisher groups coherence conventional scientific (CSK). study was conducted Zanzibar, Tanzania, country, 2017. One hundred thirty-five semi-structured interviews were six different locations focusing migrations, matching photos habitats. Differences found, fishers travelling further, exposed habitats, with gears had greater patterns seascape than those that locally, single just one type gear. A high degree overlap CSK highlighting benefits collaboration scientists complementary small-scale

Language: Английский

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Spatial Restoration Ecology: Placing Restoration in a Landscape Context

BioScience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 68(12), P. 1007 - 1019

Published: Sept. 20, 2018

Researchers on conservation planning and practice have increasingly recognized adopted the pivotal role of landscape attributes in shaping effectiveness protected areas. However, degree to which these concepts been integrated into habitat restoration projects has not quantified. We reviewed global literature found that context was considered fewer than one eight selection sites (11% 472 projects). This figure remarkably similar across terrestrial (10% 243 projects), marine (13% 89), freshwater 164) ecosystems. Of 54 site selection, just over half (56%), animal populations were reported be larger or more diverse control Tighter integration from spatial ecology systematic could improve design, optimize placement, enhance ecological all

Language: Английский

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Seascape ecology: identifying research priorities for an emerging ocean sustainability science

Marine Ecology Progress Series, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 663, P. 1 - 29

Published: March 2, 2021

Seascape ecology, the marine-centric counterpart to landscape is rapidly emerging as an interdisciplinary and spatially explicit ecological science with relevance marine management, biodiversity conservation, restoration. While important progress in this field has been made past decade, there no coherent prioritisation of key research questions help set future agenda for seascape ecology. We used a 2-stage modified Delphi method solicit applied from academic experts ecology then asked respondents identify priority across 9 interrelated themes using 2 rounds selection. also invited senior management/conservation practitioners prioritise same questions. Analyses highlighted congruence discrepancies perceived priorities research. Themes related both concepts management practice, those identified include change, connectivity, spatial temporal scale, ecosystem-based technologies metrics. Highest-priority (upper tercile) received 50% agreement between respondent groups, lowest (lower 58% agreement. Across all 3 tiers, 36 55 were within ±10% band present most determined by proportion votes received. For each theme, we provide synthesis challenges potential role These serve roadmap advancing during, beyond, UN Decade Ocean Science Sustainable Development (2021-2030).

Language: Английский

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Distribution of plastic debris pollution and it is implications on mangrove vegetation

Marine Pollution Bulletin, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 160, P. 111642 - 111642

Published: Sept. 11, 2020

Language: Английский

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Human Actions Alter Tidal Marsh Seascapes and the Provision of Ecosystem Services

Estuaries and Coasts, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 44(6), P. 1628 - 1636

Published: Sept. 10, 2020

Language: Английский

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What Makes Nearshore Habitats Nurseries for Nekton? An Emerging View of the Nursery Role Hypothesis

Estuaries and Coasts, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 41(6), P. 1539 - 1550

Published: March 7, 2018

Language: Английский

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