The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 62(1), P. 1 - 12

Published: Dec. 1, 2020

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are carboxylic with carbon atom numbers less than 6, which important metabolites of gut microbiome. Existing research shows that SCFAs play a vital role in the health and disease host. First, key energy source for colon ileum cells, affect intestinal epithelial barrier defense functions by regulating related gene expression. Second, regulate function innate immune cells to participate system, such as macrophages, neutrophils dendritic cells. Third, can also differentiation T B antigen-specific adaptive immunity mediated them. Besides, raw materials sugar lipid synthesis, provides theoretical basis studying potential homeostasis metabolism. There studies showing inhibit tumor cell proliferation promote apoptosis. In this article, we summarized detail immunity, inflammation metabolism, briefly introduced survival. It systematic study drugs human health.

Language: Английский

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Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. 1214 - 1214

Published: March 11, 2019

Secondary bile acids (BAs) and short chain fatty (SCFAs), two major types of bacterial metabolites in the colon, cause opposing effects on colonic inflammation at chronically high physiological levels. Primary BAs play critical roles cholesterol metabolism, lipid digestion, host⁻microbe interaction. Although are reabsorbed via enterohepatic circulation, primary serve as substrates for biotransformation to secondary colon. High-fat diets increase BAs, such deoxycholic acid (DCA) lithocholic (LCA), which risk factors cancer. In contrast, increased dietary fiber intake is associated with anti-inflammatory anticancer effects. These may be due production SCFAs acetate, propionate, butyrate during fermentation Elucidation molecular events by regulate cell proliferation will lead a better understanding potential context high-fat diet-related colon This article reviews current knowledge concerning epithelial cells, inflammation, cancer, microbiome.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the regulation of host immune responses and immune-related inflammatory diseases

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 866 - 877

Published: March 11, 2021

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiome in HCC – Mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy

Journal of Hepatology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 72(2), P. 230 - 238

Published: Jan. 15, 2020

Language: Английский

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Immunological Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Frontiers in Pediatrics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: July 2, 2018

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) comprise a group of structurally complex, unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in human milk. HMOs minimally digested the gastrointestinal tract and reach colon intact, where they shape microbiota. A small fraction is absorbed, reaches systemic circulation, excreted urine. can bind to cell surface receptors expressed on epithelial cells immune system thus modulate neonatal immunity infant gut, possibly also sites throughout body. In addition, have been shown act as soluble decoy block attachment various microbial pathogens cells. This review summarizes current knowledge effects infections, allergies, auto-immune diseases inflammation, will focus role altering responses through binding immune-related receptors.

Language: Английский

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Control of lymphocyte functions by gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(5), P. 1161 - 1171

Published: April 13, 2021

Abstract A mounting body of evidence indicates that dietary fiber (DF) metabolites produced by commensal bacteria play essential roles in balancing the immune system. DF, considered nonessential nutrients past, is now to be necessary maintain adequate levels immunity and suppress inflammatory allergic responses. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, are major DF mostly specialized capable breaking down into simpler saccharides further metabolizing SCFAs. SCFAs act on many cell types regulate a number important biological processes, including host metabolism, intestinal functions, This review specifically highlights regulatory functions system with focus innate adaptive lymphocytes. Current information regarding how lymphoid cells, T helper cytotoxic B cells these impact immunity, inflammation, responses discussed.

Language: Английский

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The effects of different dietary fiber pectin structures on the gastrointestinal immune barrier: impact via gut microbiota and direct effects on immune cells

Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 52(9), P. 1364 - 1376

Published: Sept. 1, 2020

Abstract Pectins are dietary fibers with different structural characteristics. Specific pectin structures can influence the gastrointestinal immune barrier by directly interacting cells or impacting intestinal microbiota. The impact of strongly depends on specific characteristics pectin; for example, degree methyl-esterification, acetylation and rhamnogalacturonan I II neutral side chains. Here, we review interactions barrier. effects include strengthening mucus layer, enhancing epithelial integrity, activating inhibiting dendritic cell macrophage responses. direct interaction pectins may be governed through pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors 2 4 Galectin-3. In addition, stimulate diversity abundance beneficial microbial communities. Furthermore, enhanced short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, enhance favoring adhesion commensal bacteria pathogens to cells. Current data illustrate that a powerful fiber manage prevent several inflammatory conditions, but additional human studies molecules well-defined urgently needed.

Language: Английский

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Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies enhance the anticancer effects of PD-1 blockade

JCI Insight, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 6(2)

Published: Dec. 15, 2020

Limited experimental evidence bridges nutrition and cancer immunosurveillance. Here, we show that ketogenic diet (KD) - or its principal ketone body, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), most specifically in intermittent scheduling induced T cell-dependent tumor growth retardation of aggressive models. In conditions which anti-PD-1 alone combination with anti-CTLA-4 failed to reduce mice receiving a standard diet, KD, oral supplementation 3HB reestablished therapeutic responses. Supplementation KD sucrose (which breaks ketogenesis, abolishing production) pharmacological antagonist the receptor GPR109A abolished antitumor effects. Mechanistically, prevented immune checkpoint blockade-linked upregulation PD-L1 on myeloid cells, while favoring expansion CXCR3+ cells. compositional changes gut microbiota, distinct species such as Eisenbergiella massiliensis commonly emerging humans subjected carbohydrate-low interventions highly correlating serum concentrations 3HB. Altogether, these results demonstrate induces 3HB-mediated antineoplastic effect relies cell-mediated

Language: Английский

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Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(14), P. 7613 - 7613

Published: July 16, 2021

Intestinal tract is the boundary that prevents harmful molecules from invading into mucosal tissue, followed by systemic circulation. permeability an index for intestinal barrier integrity. has been shown to increase in various diseases—not only inflammatory diseases, but also including diabetes, chronic kidney dysfunction, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic of termed ‘leaky gut’ which observed patients animal models these This state often correlates with disease state. In addition, recent studies have revealed gut microbiota affects heath conditions via their metabolite, especially short-chain fatty acids lipopolysaccharides, can trigger leaky gut. The etiology still unknown; however, uncovered exogenous factors modulate permeability. Nutrients are closely related health actively investigated as a hot topic scientific research. Here, we will review effect nutrients on microbiome better understanding possible mechanism

Language: Английский

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Gut metabolomics profiling of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients under immunotherapy treatment

Journal of Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: Feb. 3, 2020

Abstract Background Despite the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) only 20–30% treated patients present long term benefits. The metabolic changes occurring in gut microbiota metabolome are herein proposed as a factor potentially influencing response to immunotherapy. Methods metabolomic profiling was characterized 11 affected by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with nivolumab second-line treatment anti-PD-1 nivolumab. metabolomics analyses were performed GC–MS/SPME and 1 H-NMR order detect volatile non-volatile metabolites. Metabolomic data processed statistical chemometric analyses. Results Four out (36%) presented early progression, while remaining 7 (64%) disease progression after 12 months. 2-Pentanone (ketone) tridecane (alkane) significantly associated on contrary short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (i.e., propionate, butyrate), lysine nicotinic acid long-term beneficial effects. Conclusions Our preliminary suggest significant role pathways affecting approach could be promising strategy contribute personalized management identification microbiota-linked “indicators” progressor responder patients.

Language: Английский

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