Generation of the Melatonin Endocrine Message in Mammals: A Review of the Complex Regulation of Melatonin Synthesis by Norepinephrine, Peptides, and Other Pineal Transmitters

Pharmacological Reviews, Journal Year: 2003, Volume and Issue: 55(2), P. 325 - 395

Published: May 28, 2003

Melatonin, the major hormone produced by pineal gland, displays characteristic daily and seasonal patterns of secretion. These robust predictable rhythms in circulating melatonin are strong synchronizers for expression numerous physiological processes photoperiodic species. In mammals, nighttime production is mainly driven circadian clock, situated suprachiasmatic nucleus hypothalamus, which controls release norepinephrine from dense sympathetic afferents. The pivotal role nocturnal stimulation synthesis has been extensively dissected at cellular molecular levels. Besides noradrenergic input, presence other transmitters originating various sources reported gland. Many these neuropeptides appear to contribute regulation modulating effects on biochemistry. aim this review firstly update our knowledge events underlying control synthesis; secondly gather together early recent data nonadrenergic modulation synthesis. This information reveals variety inputs that can be integrated gland; what elements crucial deliver very precise timing organism. also clarifies variation their subsequent function.

Language: Английский

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A Review of the Multiple Actions of Melatonin on the Immune System

Endocrine, Journal Year: 2005, Volume and Issue: 27(2), P. 189 - 200

Published: Jan. 1, 2005

Language: Английский

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The role of melatonin in the cells of the innate immunity: a review

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 55(2), P. 103 - 120

Published: July 8, 2013

Melatonin is the major secretory product synthesized and secreted by pineal gland shows both a wide distribution within phylogenetically distant organisms from bacteria to humans great functional versatility. In recent years, considerable amount of experimental evidence has accumulated showing relationship between nervous, endocrine, immune systems. The molecular basis communication these systems use common chemical language. this framework, currently melatonin considered one members neuroendocrine-immunological network. A number in vivo vitro studies have documented that plays fundamental role neuroimmunomodulation. Based on information published, it clear majority present data literature relate lymphocytes; thus, they been rather thoroughly investigated, several reviews published related mechanisms action effects lymphocytes. However, few concerning cells belonging innate immunity reported. Innate provides early line defense against microbes consists cellular biochemical mechanisms. review, we focused immunity. More specifically, summarize different belong or participate immunity, such as monocytes-macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast natural killer cells.

Language: Английский

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Anti-inflammatory properties of edible mushrooms: A review

Food Chemistry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 243, P. 373 - 381

Published: Sept. 30, 2017

Language: Английский

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The changing biological roles of melatonin during evolution: from an antioxidant to signals of darkness, sexual selection and fitness

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 85(3), P. 607 - 623

Published: Dec. 21, 2009

Melatonin is a molecule present in multitude of taxa and may be ubiquitous organisms. It has been found bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, macroalgae, fungi, plants animals. A primary biological function melatonin primitive organisms antioxidant defence to protect against toxic free radical damage. During evolution, adopted by multicellular perform many other functions. These functions likely include the chemical expression darkness vertebrates, environmental tolerance fungi plants, sexual signaling birds fish, seasonal reproductive regulation photoperiodic mammals, immunomodulation anti-inflammatory activity all vertebrates tested. Moreover, its waning production during aging indicate senescence terms bio-clock Conversely, high levels can serve as signal vitality health. The multiple partially attributed unconventional metabolism which comprised multi-enzymatic, pseudo-enzymatic non-enzymatic pathways. As result, several bioactive metabolites are formed some presumed reported date may, fact, mediated these metabolites. changing roles seem have evolved from an antioxidant.

Language: Английский

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Melatonin signaling and cell protection function

The FASEB Journal, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 24(10), P. 3603 - 3624

Published: June 9, 2010

Besides its well-known regulatory role on circadian rhythm, the pineal gland hormone melatonin has other biological functions and a distinct metabolism in various cell types peripheral tissues. In different tissues organs, been described to act as paracrine also an intracrine autocrine agent with overall homeostatic pleiotropic effects that include protection prosurvival factor. These latter effects, documented number of vitro vivo studies, are sustained through both receptor-dependent -independent mechanisms control detoxification stress response genes, thus conferring against xenobiotics endobiotics produced by acute chronic noxious stimuli. Redox-sensitive components included signaling resulting transcriptional involves NF-κB, AP-1, Nrf2. By these pathways, stimulates expression antioxidant acting turn glutathione system enhancer. A further converging mechanism this indoleamine models seems lie damage function mitochondria decreased production reactive oxygen species activation antiapoptotic redox-sensitive element Bcl2. Recent evidence suggests upstream mitochondrial route calmodulin pathway central survival-promoting component MAPKs, ERK1/2. review article, we will discuss molecular aspects relevant survival mechanisms.—Luchetti, F., Canonico, B., Betti, M., Arcangeletti, Pilolli, Piroddi, Canesi, L., Papa, S., Galli, F. Melatonin function. FASEB J. 24, 3603–3624 (2010). www.fasebj.org

Language: Английский

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Kynurenic Acid: The Janus-Faced Role of an Immunomodulatory Tryptophan Metabolite and Its Link to Pathological Conditions

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Jan. 10, 2018

Tryptophan metabolites are known to participate in the regulation of many cells immune system and involved various immune-mediated diseases disorders. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a product one branch kynurenine pathway tryptophan metabolism. The influence KYNA on important neurophysiological neuropathological processes has been comprehensively documented. In recent years, link system, inflammation, cancer become more apparent. Given this connection, anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive functions particular interest. These characteristics might allow act as "double-edged sword". metabolite contributes both resolution inflammation establishment an environment, which, for instance, allows tumor escape. Our review provides comprehensive update significant biological focuses its immunomodulatory properties by signaling via G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35)- aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathways. Furthermore, we discuss role KYNA-GPR35 interaction microbiota associated metabolism gut homeostasis.

Language: Английский

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Molecular Mechanisms behind Free Radical Scavengers Function against Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 6(3), P. 51 - 51

Published: July 10, 2017

Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress is involved in a wide variety of human diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s cancers, etc. Here, we discuss the significance conditions different with focus on neurodegenerative disease including which mainly caused by stress. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS RNS, respectively), collectively known as RONS, are produced cellular enzymes such myeloperoxidase, NADPH-oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase) nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Natural antioxidant systems categorized into enzymatic non-enzymatic groups. The former includes number catalase glutathione peroxidase, while latter contains antioxidants acquired from dietary sources vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids polyphenols. There also scavengers used for therapeutic purposes, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) routinely treatment (not free radical scavenger), 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Edaravone) acts detoxifier frequently acute ischemic stroke. cell surviving properties L-DOPA Edaravone against rely alteration proteins Annexin A1, Peroxiredoxin-6 PARK7/DJ-1 (Parkinson protein 7, Protein deglycase DJ-1). Although they share targets reversing cytotoxic effects H2O2, seem to have distinct mechanism function. Exposure may result hypoxia condition further induction ORP150 (150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein) its concomitant cytoprotective but seems protect cells via direct Peroxiredoxin-2 inhibition apoptosis.

Language: Английский

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The Circadian Clock in Cancer Development and Therapy

Progress in molecular biology and translational science, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 221 - 282

Published: Jan. 1, 2013

Language: Английский

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Melatonin use for neuroprotection in perinatal asphyxia: a randomized controlled pilot study

Journal of Perinatology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 35(3), P. 186 - 191

Published: Nov. 13, 2014

Language: Английский

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