Molecules,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
20(4), P. 7396 - 7437
Published: April 22, 2015
This
review
summarizes
the
advances
that
have
been
made
in
terms
of
identified
functions
melatonin
plants.
Melatonin
is
an
endogenously-produced
molecule
all
plant
species
investigated.
Its
concentration
organs
varies
different
tissues,
e.g.,
roots
versus
leaves,
and
with
their
developmental
stage.
As
animals,
pathway
synthesis
plants
utilizes
tryptophan
as
essential
precursor
molecule.
inducible
when
they
are
exposed
to
abiotic
stresses
(extremes
temperature,
toxins,
increased
soil
salinity,
drought,
etc.)
well
biotic
(fungal
infection).
aids
root
growth,
leaf
morphology,
chlorophyll
preservation
fruit
development.
There
also
evidence
exogenously-applied
improves
seed
germination,
growth
crop
yield
its
application
products
post-harvest
shows
ripening
may
improve
food
quality.
Since
was
only
discovered
two
decades
ago,
there
still
a
great
deal
learn
about
functional
significance
It
hope
authors
current
will
serve
stimulus
for
scientists
join
endeavor
clarifying
function
this
phylogenetically-ancient
particularly
reference
mechanisms
by
which
mediates
multiple
actions.
Journal of Pineal Research,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
51(1), P. 1 - 16
Published: June 14, 2011
Abstract:
Oxidative
stress
has
been
proven
to
be
related
the
onset
of
a
large
number
health
disorders.
This
chemical
is
triggered
by
an
excess
free
radicals,
which
are
generated
in
cells
because
wide
variety
exogenous
and
endogenous
processes.
Therefore,
finding
strategies
for
efficiently
detoxifying
radicals
become
subject
great
interest,
from
both
academic
practical
points
view.
Melatonin
ubiquitous
versatile
molecule
that
exhibits
most
desirable
characteristics
good
antioxidant.
The
amount
data
gathered
so
far
regarding
protective
action
melatonin
against
oxidative
overwhelming.
However,
rather
little
known
concerning
mechanisms
involved
this
activity.
review
summarizes
current
progress
understanding
physicochemical
insights
radical–scavenging
activity
melatonin.
Thus
far,
there
general
agreement
electron
transfer
hydrogen
main
reactions
with
radicals.
relative
importance
other
also
analyzed.
nature
reacting
radical
influence
on
different
these
reactions.
point
discussed
detail
review.
Based
available
data,
it
concluded
protects
mechanisms.
Moreover,
proposed
even
though
referred
as
expression
darkness,
perhaps
could
light
health.
FEBS Journal,
Journal Year:
2006,
Volume and Issue:
273(13), P. 2813 - 2838
Published: June 15, 2006
Melatonin
is
a
ubiquitous
molecule
and
widely
distributed
in
nature,
with
functional
activity
occurring
unicellular
organisms,
plants,
fungi
animals.
In
most
vertebrates,
including
humans,
melatonin
synthesized
primarily
the
pineal
gland
regulated
by
environmental
light/dark
cycle
via
suprachiasmatic
nucleus.
Pinealocytes
function
as
'neuroendocrine
transducers'
to
secrete
during
dark
phase
of
and,
consequently,
often
called
'hormone
darkness'.
principally
secreted
at
night
centrally
involved
sleep
regulation,
well
number
other
cyclical
bodily
activities.
exclusively
signaling
'time
day'
year'
(hence
considered
help
both
clock
calendar
functions)
all
tissues
thus
be
body's
chronological
pacemaker
or
'Zeitgeber'.
Synthesis
also
occurs
areas
body,
retina,
gastrointestinal
tract,
skin,
bone
marrow
lymphocytes,
from
which
it
may
influence
physiological
functions
through
paracrine
signaling.
has
been
extracted
seeds
leaves
plants
its
concentration
some
this
material
several
orders
magnitude
higher
than
night-time
plasma
value
humans.
participates
diverse
functions.
addition
timekeeping
functions,
an
effective
antioxidant
scavenges
free
radicals
up-regulates
enzymes.
It
strong
antiapoptotic
function,
effect
exerts
even
ischemia.
Melatonin's
cytoprotective
properties
have
practical
implications
treatment
neurodegenerative
diseases.
immune-enhancing
oncostatic
properties.
Its
'chronobiotic'
shown
treating
various
circadian
rhythm
disorders,
such
jet
lag
shift-work
disorder.
acting
'internal
facilitator'
promotes
sleep,
melatonin's
sleep-facilitating
found
useful
for
insomnia
symptoms
elderly
depressive
patients.
A
recently
introduced
analog,
agomelatine,
efficient
major
disorder
bipolar
affective
role
'photoperiodic
molecule'
seasonal
reproduction
established
photoperiodic
species,
although
regulatory
humans
remains
under
investigation.
Taken
together,
evidence
implicates
broad
range
effects
significant
over
many
Journal of Pineal Research,
Journal Year:
2007,
Volume and Issue:
43(3), P. 215 - 224
Published: June 25, 2007
Abstract:
Organisms
must
adapt
to
the
temporal
characteristics
of
their
surroundings
successfully
survive
and
reproduce.
Variation
in
daily
light
cycle,
for
example,
acts
through
endocrine
neurobiological
mechanisms
control
several
downstream
physiological
behavioral
processes.
Interruptions
normal
circadian
cycles
resulting
disruption
melatonin
rhythms
cause
widespread
disruptive
effects
involving
multiple
body
systems,
results
which
can
have
serious
medical
consequences
individuals,
as
well
large‐scale
ecological
implications
populations.
With
invention
electrical
lights
about
a
century
ago,
organization
environment
has
been
drastically
altered
many
species,
including
humans.
In
addition
incidental
exposure
at
night
pollution,
humans
also
engage
increasing
amounts
shift‐work,
repeated
often
long‐term
disruption.
The
prevalence
significant
social,
ecological,
behavioral,
health
that
are
only
now
becoming
apparent.
This
review
addresses
complicated
web
potential
from
night,
may
result.
Journal of Pineal Research,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
57(2), P. 131 - 146
Published: July 25, 2014
Abstract
Melatonin
(
N
‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine),
an
indoleamine
produced
in
many
organs
including
the
pineal
gland,
was
initially
characterized
as
a
hormone
primarily
involved
circadian
regulation
of
physiological
and
neuroendocrine
function.
Subsequent
studies
found
that
melatonin
its
metabolic
derivatives
possess
strong
free
radical
scavenging
properties.
These
metabolites
are
potent
antioxidants
against
both
ROS
(reactive
oxygen
species)
RNS
nitrogen
species).
The
mechanisms
by
which
protect
radicals
oxidative
stress
include
direct
products,
induction
expression
antioxidant
enzymes,
reduction
activation
pro‐oxidant
maintenance
mitochondrial
homeostasis.
In
vitro
vivo
studies,
has
been
shown
to
reduce
damage
lipids,
proteins
DNA
under
very
wide
set
conditions
where
toxic
known
be
produced.
Although
vast
majority
proved
capacity
derivatives,
few
using
cultured
cells
promoted
generation
at
pharmacological
concentrations
μ
m
range)
several
tumor
nontumor
cells;
thus,
functioned
conditional
pro‐oxidant.
Mechanistically,
may
stimulate
production
through
interaction
with
calmodulin.
Also,
interact
complex
III
or
transition
pore
promote
production.
Whether
functions
is
not
well
documented;
whether
reported
actions
come
into
play
live
organisms
remains
established.
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases,
Journal Year:
2007,
Volume and Issue:
66(9), P. 1137 - 1142
Published: March 15, 2007
Vitamin
D
is
frequently
prescribed
by
rheumatologists
to
prevent
and
treat
osteoporosis.
Several
observations
have
shown
that
vitamin
inhibits
proinflammatory
processes
suppressing
the
enhanced
activity
of
immune
cells
take
part
in
autoimmune
reaction.
Moreover,
recent
evidence
strongly
suggests
supplementation
may
be
therapeutically
beneficial,
particularly
for
Th1-mediated
disorders.
Some
reports
imply
even
preventive
certain
disorders
such
as
multiple
sclerosis
diabetes
type
1.
It
seems
has
crossed
boundaries
calcium
metabolism
become
a
significant
factor
number
physiological
functions,
specifically
biological
inhibitor
inflammatory
hyperactivity.
Current Neuropharmacology,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
15(3), P. 434 - 443
Published: Feb. 28, 2017
Background:
Melatonin
synchronizes
central
but
also
peripheral
oscillators
(fetal
adrenal
gland,
pancreas,
liver,
kidney,
heart,
lung,
fat,
gut,
etc.),
allowing
temporal
organization
of
biological
functions
through
circadian
rhythms
(24-hour
cycles)
in
relation
to
periodic
environmental
changes
and
therefore
adaptation
the
individual
his/her
internal
external
environment.
Measures
melatonin
are
considered
best
indices
human
timing
based
on
an
24-hour
clock.
Keywords:
Adaptation
environment,
clocks,
biomarker,
clinical
application,
oscillators,
melatonin,
prevention
treatment,
sleep-wake
rhythm,
synchronizer.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
14(4), P. 8638 - 8683
Published: April 22, 2013
Melatonin
modulates
a
wide
range
of
physiological
functions
with
pleiotropic
effects
on
the
immune
system.
Despite
large
number
reports
implicating
melatonin
as
an
immunomodulatory
compound,
it
still
remains
unclear
how
regulates
immunity.
While
some
authors
argue
that
is
immunostimulant,
many
studies
have
also
described
anti-inflammatory
properties.
The
data
reviewed
in
this
paper
support
idea
buffer,
acting
stimulant
under
basal
or
immunosuppressive
conditions
compound
presence
exacerbated
responses,
such
acute
inflammation.
clinical
relevance
multiple
different
conditions,
infection,
autoimmunity,
vaccination
and
immunosenescence,
reviewed.
