Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 281 - 292

Published: Sept. 30, 2012

The aim of this review is to summarize the key findings from genetic and epidemiological research, which show that autism a complex disorder resulting combination environmental factors. Remarkable advances in knowledge causes have resulted great efforts made field genetics. identification specific alleles contributing spectrum has supplied important pieces for puzzle. However, many questions remain unanswered, new are raised by recent results. Moreover, given amount evidence supporting significant contribution factors risk, it now clear search should be reinforced. One aspect been neglected so far study interactions between genes

Language: Английский

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Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits

Current Neuropharmacology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 434 - 443

Published: Feb. 28, 2017

Background: Melatonin synchronizes central but also peripheral oscillators (fetal adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fat, gut, etc.), allowing temporal organization of biological functions through circadian rhythms (24-hour cycles) in relation to periodic environmental changes and therefore adaptation the individual his/her internal external environment. Measures melatonin are considered best indices human timing based on an 24-hour clock. Keywords: Adaptation environment, clocks, biomarker, clinical application, oscillators, melatonin, prevention treatment, sleep-wake rhythm, synchronizer.

Language: Английский

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International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, Classification, and Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Melatonin Receptors

Pharmacological Reviews, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 62(3), P. 343 - 380

Published: July 6, 2010

The hormone melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) is synthesized primarily in the pineal gland and retina, several peripheral tissues organs. In circulation, concentration of follows a circadian rhythm, with high levels at night providing timing cues to target endowed receptors. Melatonin receptors receive translate melatonin9s message influence daily seasonal rhythms physiology behavior. translated through activation two G protein-coupled receptors, MT₁ MT₂, that are potential therapeutic targets disorders ranging from insomnia sleep depression, cardiovascular diseases, cancer. This review summarizes steps taken since discovery by Aaron Lerner 1958 functionally characterize, clone, localize mammalian tissues. pharmacological molecular properties described as well current efforts discover develop ligands for treatment number illnesses, including disorders,

Language: Английский

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Melatonin, energy metabolism, and obesity: a review

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 56(4), P. 371 - 381

Published: March 21, 2014

Abstract Melatonin is an old and ubiquitous molecule in nature showing multiple mechanisms of action functions practically every living organism. In mammals, pineal melatonin as a hormone chronobiotic, playing major role the regulation circadian temporal internal order. The anti‐obesogen weight‐reducing effects depend on several actions. Experimental evidence demonstrates that necessary for proper synthesis, secretion, insulin. acts by regulating GLUT 4 expression and/or triggering, via its G‐protein‐coupled membrane receptors, phosphorylation insulin receptor intracellular substrates mobilizing insulin‐signaling pathway. powerful chronobiotic being responsible, part, daily distribution metabolic processes so activity/feeding phase day associated with high sensitivity, rest/fasting synchronized to insulin‐resistant day. Furthermore, responsible establishment adequate energy balance mainly flow from stores directly expenditure through activation brown adipose tissue participating browning process white tissue. reduction production, during aging, shift‐work or illuminated environments night, induces resistance, glucose intolerance, sleep disturbance, disorganization characterizing state chronodisruption leading obesity. available supports suggestion replacement therapy might contribute restore more healthy

Language: Английский

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Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 20(1), P. 49 - 65

Published: Nov. 20, 2018

Language: Английский

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Abnormal melatonin synthesis in autism spectrum disorders

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2007, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 90 - 98

Published: May 15, 2007

Language: Английский

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Evidence of melatonin synthesis by human lymphocytes and its physiological significance: possible role as intracrine, autocrine, and/or paracrine substance

The FASEB Journal, Journal Year: 2004, Volume and Issue: 18(3), P. 537 - 539

Published: Jan. 8, 2004

It has been historically assumed that the pineal gland is major source of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) in vertebrates. Melatonin plays a central role fine-tuning circadian rhythms vertebrate physiology. In addition, shows remarkable functional versatility exhibiting antioxidant, oncostatic, antiaging, and immunomodulatory properties. identified wide range organisms from bacteria to human beings. Its biosynthesis tryptophan involves four well-defined intracellular steps catalyzed by hydroxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, serotonin-N-acetyltransferase, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. Here, for first time, we document both resting phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes synthesize release large amounts melatonin, with concentration medium increasing up five times nocturnal physiological levels serum. Moreover, show necessary machinery present lymphocytes. Furthermore, released culture synthesized cells, because blocking enzymes required its or inhibiting protein synthesis general produced significant reduction release. this inhibition caused decrease IL-2 production, which was restored adding exogenous melatonin. These findings indicate addition gland, lymphoid cells are an important could be involved regulation immune system, possibly acting as intracrine, autocrine, and/or paracrine substance.

Language: Английский

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Current knowledge on the melatonin system in teleost fish

General and Comparative Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 165(3), P. 469 - 482

Published: May 5, 2009

Language: Английский

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A survey of molecular details in the human pineal gland in the light of phylogeny, structure, function and chronobiological diseases

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 51(1), P. 17 - 43

Published: April 4, 2011

Abstract: The human pineal gland is a neuroendocrine transducer that forms an integral part of the brain. Through nocturnally elevated synthesis and release neurohormone melatonin, encodes disseminates information on circadian time, thus coupling outside world to biochemical physiological internal demands body. Approaches better understand molecular details behind rhythmic signalling in are limited but implicitly warranted, as chronobiological dysfunctions often associated with alterations melatonin synthesis. Current knowledge based minimally invasive analyses, by comparison events between different vertebrate species, emphasis put data acquired sheep other primates. Together investigations using autoptic tissue, remnant silhouette premortem dynamics within hormone's biosynthesis pathway can be constructed. detected scenario generation positions surprisingly isolated. In this brain structure, protein-protein interactions nucleo-cytoplasmic protein shuttling indicate furthermore novel twist cells structure. These findings have seen light impaired observed elderly and/or demented patients, individuals affected Alzheimer's disease, Smith–Magenis syndrome, autism spectrum disorder sleep phase disorders. Already, recent advances understanding significantly helped counteract through proper restoration nocturnal surge.

Language: Английский

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Melatonin: Both master clock output and internal time-giver in the circadian clocks network

Journal of Physiology-Paris, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 105(4-6), P. 170 - 182

Published: July 23, 2011

Language: Английский

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