Effects of global warming on sex ratios in fishes

Journal of Fish Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 97(3), P. 596 - 606

Published: June 11, 2020

Abstract In fishes, sex is determined by genetics, the environment or an interaction of both. Temperature among most important environmental factors that can affect determination. As a consequence, changes in temperature at critical developmental stages induce biases primary ratios some species. However, early also be biased sex‐specific tolerances to stresses may, cases, amplified water temperature. Sex‐specific reactions stress have been observed larval before gonad formation starts. It therefore necessary distinguish between effects on determination, generally acting through axis epigenetic mechanisms, and mortality. Both are likely hence population dynamics. Moreover, cases where determination lead genotype–phenotype mismatches, long‐term dynamics possible, for example temperature‐induced masculinization potentially leading loss Y chromosomes feminization male‐biased operational future generations. To date, studies under controlled conditions conclude if affects ratios, elevated temperatures mostly male bias. The few performed wild populations seem confirm this general trend. Recent findings suggest transgenerational plasticity could mitigate warming populations.

Language: Английский

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Sex Ratios in a Warming World: Thermal Effects on Sex-Biased Survival, Sex Determination, and Sex Reversal

Journal of Heredity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 112(2), P. 155 - 164

Published: Feb. 10, 2021

Abstract Rising global temperatures threaten to disrupt population sex ratios, which can in turn cause mate shortages, reduce growth and adaptive potential, increase extinction risk, particularly when ratios are male biased. Sex ratio distortion then have cascading effects across other species even ecosystems. Our understanding of the problem is limited by how often studies measure temperature both sexes. To address this, current review surveyed 194 published heat tolerance, finding that majority did not mention individuals used, with <10% reporting results for males females separately. Although data incomplete, this assessed phylogenetic patterns thermally induced bias 3 different mechanisms: sex-biased temperature-dependent determination (TSD), temperature-induced reversal. For documented examples span a large taxonomic range including arthropods, chordates, protists, plants. Here, superior tolerance more common than males, but direction appears be phylogenetically fluid, perhaps due number contributing factors. TSD, well-documented reptiles, where high usually favors females, fishes, consistently males. reversal, unambiguous cases again vertebrates, fishes amphibians, mixed reptiles. There urgent need further work on full extent distortion, joint multiple mechanisms.

Language: Английский

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Evolving thermal thresholds explain the distribution of temperature sex reversal in an Australian dragon lizard

Diversity and Distributions, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 27(3), P. 427 - 438

Published: Nov. 27, 2020

Abstract Aim Species with temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) are particularly vulnerable to climate change because a resultant skew in population ratio can have severe demographic consequences and increase vulnerability local extinction. The Australian central bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticep s) has thermosensitive ZZ male/ZW female system of genetic (GSD). High incubation temperatures cause reversal the genotype viable phenotype. Nest wild predicted vary on scale likely produce heterogeneity occurrence reversal, so we predict that will correlate positively inferred conditions. Location Mainland Australia. Methods Wild‐caught specimens P. vitticeps vouchered museum collections collected during targeted field trips were genotypically phenotypically sexed determine distribution across species range. To whether environmental conditions or structure explain this distribution, infer experienced by each individual apply multi‐model inference approach which associate reversal. Further, conduct reduced representation sequencing subset characterize broadly distributed species. Results Here show widespread lizard is spatially restricted eastern part Neither climatic variables period nor geographic disjunct main source variation arose from isolation distance Main conclusions We propose adaptation temperature threshold for counteract sex‐reversing influence high . Our study demonstrates complex evolutionary processes need be incorporated into modelling biological responses future scenarios.

Language: Английский

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Sex reversal and ontogeny under climate change and chemical pollution: are there interactions between the effects of elevated temperature and a xenoestrogen on early development in agile frogs?

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 285, P. 117464 - 117464

Published: May 30, 2021

Anthropogenic environmental change poses a special threat to species in which genetic sex determination can be overwritten by the thermal and chemical environment. Endocrine disrupting chemicals as well extreme temperatures induce reversal such species, with potentially wide-ranging consequences for fitness, demography, population viability evolution. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that effects may interact ecological contexts, little is known about their combined on reversal. Here we assessed simultaneous of high temperature (female-to-male sex-reversing agent) 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), widespread xenoestrogen (male-to-female agent), sexual development fitness-related traits agile frogs (Rana dalmatina). We exposed tadpoles six-days heat wave (30 °C) and/or an ecologically relevant concentration EE2 ng/L) one three consecutive larval periods, diagnosed reversals two months after metamorphosis using species-specific markers sexing. found induced female-to-male reversal, decreased survival, delayed metamorphosis, body mass at increased proportion animals had no fat bodies, while effect these traits. Simultaneous exposure non-additive juvenile mass, were dependent treatment timing further complicated negative mass. These results show environmentally does not diminish temperature. Instead, our findings growth suggest climate pollution have complex individual fitness persistence environment-sensitive determination.

Language: Английский

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Temperature-Induced Sex Reversal in Reptiles: Prevalence, Discovery, and Evolutionary Implications

Sexual Development, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 15(1-3), P. 148 - 156

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Sex reversal is the process by which an individual develops a phenotypic sex that discordant with its chromosomal or genotypic sex. It occurs in many lineages of ectothermic vertebrates, such as fish, amphibians, and at least one agamid scincid reptile species. usually triggered environmental cue alters genetically determined sexual differentiation, but it can also be caused exposure to exogenous chemicals, hormones, pollutants. Despite occurrence both temperature-dependent determination (TSD) genetic (GSD) broadly among reptiles, only 2 species squamates have thus far been demonstrated possess nature (GSD overriding thermal influence). The lack unambiguously identified not necessarily reflection low incidence this trait reptiles. Indeed, may relatively common little known prevalence, mechanisms occurs, consequences for wild under changing climate. In review, we present roadmap discovery outlining various techniques allow new occurrences identified, molecular involved how identify them, approaches assessing impacts populations. We discuss evolutionary implications use central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) eastern three-lined skink (Bassiana duperreyi) examples opposing patterns impacted differently our rapidly Ultimately, review serves highlight importance understanding laboratory populations proposes practical solutions foster future research.

Language: Английский

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HerpSexDet: the herpetological database of sex determination and sex reversal

Scientific Data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: June 13, 2023

Abstract Wildlife exhibits various sex-determination systems where sex chromosomes and environmental temperatures may both contribute to individual sexual development. The causes consequences of this variability are important questions for evolutionary ecology, especially in light ongoing change. Amphibians reptiles emerging as a key group studying these questions, with new data accumulating acceleratingly. We collected empirical from earlier databases, reviews primary literature create the most up-to-date database on herpetological determination. named our HerpSexDet, which currently features genetic temperature-dependent determination well reports reversal total 192 amphibian 697 reptile species. This dataset, we will regularly update future, facilitates interspecific comparative studies evolution its species-specific traits such life history conservation status, also help guiding future research by identifying species or higher taxa that potentially enlightening study environmentally driven reversal.

Language: Английский

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Higher Sex‐Reversal Rate of Urban Frogs in a Common‐Garden Experiment Suggests Adaptive Microevolution

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 18(4)

Published: April 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Ectothermic vertebrates with genotypic sex determination may adjust their sexual phenotype to early‐life environmental conditions by reversal, and theoretical models predict diverse consequences for population dynamics microevolution under change. Environments that frequently expose individuals sex‐reversing effects select or against the propensity undergo depending on relative fitness of sex‐reversed individuals. Yet, empirical data adaptive value evolutionary potential reversal is scarce. Here we conducted a common‐garden experiment agile frogs ( Rana dalmatina ) respond larval heat stress test whether sex‐reversal has changed via in populations live anthropogenic habitats where potentially events are more frequent, compared cooler woodland habitats. Furthermore, infer fitness‐related traits between heat‐exposed females phenotypically developed into males (sex‐reversed) (sex‐concordant). We found frequency varied sibgroups was higher originating from habitats, regardless thermal environment they had been exposed during sex‐determination period. Among animals, time metamorphosis similar sex‐concordant females, but former reached larger body mass end than latter, approaching males. These results suggest have increased environments microevolution, minimize cost reduced growth caused events. Thus, provide an strategy ectothermic cope challenges Anthropocene. Such knowledge causes will help pinpoint which most threatened extinction due climatically influenced determination.

Language: Английский

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High elevation increases the risk of Y chromosome loss in Alpine skink populations with sex reversal

Heredity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 126(5), P. 805 - 816

Published: Feb. 1, 2021

The view that has genotypic sex determination and environmental as mutually exclusive states in fishes reptiles been contradicted by the discovery chromosomal influences can co-exist within same species, hinting at a continuum of intermediate states. Systems where genes environment interact to determine present opportunity for reversal occur, phenotypic is opposite predicted their chromosome complement. skink Bassiana duperreyi XX/XY chromosomes with XX genotype male phenotype, laboratory experiments, field nests, response exposure cold incubation temperatures. Here we studied frequency adult populations B. climatic variation, using elevation surrogate We demonstrate wild first time adults reptile species determination. highest occurred coolest location, Mt Ginini (18.46%) decreased zero decreasing elevation. model impact this under Fisher's frequency-dependent selection show that, elevations, risk loss Y transition temperature-dependent This study contributes our understanding risks extinction from climate change subject temperature, will provide focus future research test on-the-ground management strategies mitigate effects local populations.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary and demographic consequences of temperature-induced masculinization under climate warming: the effects of mate choice

BMC Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Feb. 4, 2021

Abstract Background One of the dangers global climate change to wildlife is distorting sex ratios by temperature-induced reversals in populations where determination not exclusively genetic, potentially leading population collapse and/or sex-determination system transformation. Here we introduce a new concept on how these outcomes may be altered mate choice if sex-chromosome-linked phenotypic traits allow females choose between normal and sex-reversed (genetically female) males. Results We developed theoretical model investigate an already existing autosomal allele encoding preference for males would spread affect demographic evolutionary processes under warming. found that (1) more likely ZW/ZZ than XX/XY systems, (2) starting with system, it significantly hastened transitions different systems maintained balanced adult ratio longer compared all preferred males; (3) low but non-zero viability WW individuals, widespread saved from early extinction. Conclusions Our results suggest evolution choice, which turn influence ratios, thereby adaptive potential persistence. These findings show preferences sex-linked have special implications species reversal, highlighting need empirical research role reversal choice.

Language: Английский

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Identification of Y chromosome markers in the eastern three-lined skink (Bassiana duperreyi) using in silico whole genome subtraction

BMC Genomics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Sept. 29, 2020

Abstract Background Homologous sex chromosomes can differentiate over time because recombination is suppressed in the region of determining locus, leading to accumulation repeats, progressive loss genes that lack differential influence on sexes and sequence divergence hemizygous homolog. Divergence non-recombining regions leads Y or W specific useful for developing sex-linked markers. Here we use silico whole-genome subtraction identify putative sequences scincid lizard Bassiana duperreyi which has heteromorphic XY chromosomes. Results We generated 96.7 × 10 9 150 bp paired-end genomic reads from a male 81.4 an XX female whole genome yield enriched contigs. identified 7 reliable markers were validated as chromosome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) against panel 20 males females. Conclusions The B. be reversed low temperatures (XX genotype phenotype). have developed sex-specific underlying genotypic its concordance discordance with phenotypic wild populations . Our pipeline applied isolate chromosome-specific any organism not restricted residing within single-copy genes. This study greatly improves our knowledge will enhance future studies reptile determination evolution.

Language: Английский

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