Authorea (Authorea), Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 23, 2022

Integrating telomere biology into the ecology and evolution of natural populations: progress prospectsMonaghan, Pat1; Olsson, Mats2; Richardson, David S.3; Verhulst, Simon4; Rogers, Sean M.5,6,*1. Institute Biodiversity, Animal Health Comparative Medicine, College Medical, Veterinary Life Sciences, University Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.2. Department BioEnv – Zoologen, Gothenburg, Sweden3. School Biological East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK4. Groningen for Evolutionary Groningen, The Netherlands.5. Calgary, Canada6. Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, Canada* corresponding authorOrcid Id:Simon Verhulst: 0000-0002-1143-686Pat Monaghan: 0000-0003-2430-0326Mats Olssen; 0000-0002-4130-1323Sean M Rogers; 0000-0003-0851-8050David S Richardson: 0000-0001-7226-9074Telomeres are fascinating stretches protective DNA that cap chromosome ends eukaryotes. Without telomeres, during cell division replication, repair proteins would misread chromosomes attempt to or remove this region genome, leading instability. Furthermore, loss inevitably occurs replication due end problem oxidative damage erode coding sequences chromosomes, eventually causing genome malfunction. Telomeres protect chromosome, but in absence restoration, some reduction length will occur with each division, giving rise replicative senescence often followed by death. Short and/or dysfunctional telomeres underly many disease states associated ageing. Consequently, is a vibrant area biomedical research. However, until relatively recently, most research on has been focused humans animal models. That basic pattern progressive little restoration somatic tissues, as found humans, might not apply all eukaryotes had received attention. In fact, any variation expected decline chromosomal rounds observed human was initially attributed methodological issues. Importantly, science studying now expanded encompass non-model organisms. Variation across range species promises reveal great insights drivers life-history trade-offs evolution, population consequences exposure environmental stress populations.The burgeoning interest dynamics organisms increased communication between researchers evolutionary ecologists enriching our understanding diversity dynamics. While basics appear be conserved eukaryotes, studied still phylogenetically restricted, differences detail increasingly being revealed (Monaghan et al. 2018). We have information how change can vary among include lengthening well shortening life course (Remot al 202x, Brown 2022). Our these patterns relate factors, species, individual histories process increasing. potential used conservation biology, providing about health (e.g. Eastwood molecular greater impact discoveries increase genomics, underlying diversity. This special issue brings together collection papers illustrate breadth taxa investigated ways which emerging hypotheses, formed from perspectives ecology, conservation, tested. introduction, we highlight body work, including new insights, points way questions remain emerging, cross-disciplinary biology.Ecological stressorsExposure stressful environments long lasting effects longevity, linked changes addition furthering mechanism adverse effects, study relation conditions offers measure scale extent their at levels (Kärkkäinen 202xa), evaluate quality examine effect measures, such habitat restoration. issue, 2021 report apparent both sexes survival small passerine bird, Seychelles warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis . sex-specific stressors influenced change. females, induced low food availability malarial infection shortening, there were no males. Moreover, less stresses appeared lead (Brown 2021). Reichard (2021) also intraspecific outcome using African killifish. involves strains derived wild populations ofNothobranchius furzeri its sister N. kadleci , sites along strong gradient aridity, ultimately determines maximum lifespan species. Interestingly, they demonstrate condition environmentally-driven selection modulate relationship opposite directions, validating existence inverse trends within single taxon again highlighting importance effects. Altogether, association (see below further examples) dynamics, example age, sex history, require investigation. Such studies need use accurate repeatable within-individual measurements where possible bear mind take measurement error account (Steenstrup 2013).Intrinsic extrinsic exposures early known substantial long-lasting phenotypic development. Conditions experienced inside external environment growth influence shown issue. European badgers Meles meles van Lieshout cubs born warmer, wetter springs longer lengths, turn survival. purple-crowned fairy wrens (Malurus coronatus ) rate first year predicted (Sheldon 2021b). More broadly, it hypothesized measuring anthropogenic (such chemical pollutants, noise inappropriate light) could assist monitoring wildlife. context advantage over other biomarkers representing fitness proxy, allowing time much shorter than required actual consequences. line this, Salmón Burraco (2022) evaluated assessing impacts, an exhaustive literature review meta-analysis. Oxidative internal factors major cause attrition. Metcalfe Olsson provide compelling case endogenous reactive oxygen produced mitochondria create links mitochondrial function, integrity They argue best understood when considering optimal solution trade-off energetic efficiency protection differ individuals time, depending resource availability, demands history strategy. inferences may cumulatively help explain why evident (but apparently stressor, taxon, sometimes sex-specific). Clearly directions proposed contribute better mechanisms link environment, lifestyle dynamics.At present, primarily endothermic vertebrates - birds mammals. Nucleated red blood cells bird while white mammals, particularly humans. Thus, tissue specificity types itself underlie reported. majority animals ectotherms endotherms having telomerase production tissues. aspects ectotherm development performance temperature, are, therefore, potentially significantly affected climate disruption. Friesen suggest developing thermal curves processes affecting pressing more experimental work isolate causes environmentally Rouan present coral, Stylophora pistillata bleaching, devastating symbionts results change, continuous darkness. resulted loss. As telling us something damaging findings inform methods coral reef health. field experiment young salmon Salmo salar freshwater streams, McLennan lack suitable substrate living high density reduced length. streams nutrient experimentally restored, greatly reduced, demonstrating utility context. Further, presented Bae temperature interactions pollutants. appears especially prevalent temperature-dependent determination, American alligatorAlligator mississippiensis Here endocrine disrupting depended temperature; temperatures promoting female development, positive, higher, male negative. On hand, raising crickets different temperatures, strongly growth, did affect Boonekamp (2021). Much depend severely stressor perceived organism question.In somewhat context, exposure, non-experimental Wood extensive longitudinal assessments rates investigate impacts dominance status cooperative breeder, white-browed sparrow-weaver Plocepasser mahali social rainfall Looking mechanistic detail, Wolf provided novel insight system tree swallowsTachycineta bicolor reporting lower expression regulatory gene POT1 breeders higher quality. reported chicks lengthening.Collectively, show resilience intra-specific consider (including differences), local exposed, what mean terms populations, interacting populations. examining differential relevant genes ecological variables interest.Telomeres trade-offsMuch relates mediating trade-offs. For example, traded off against advantages larger size energy expenditure? state. state-dependent relationships difficult length, loss, relative measure. Carrying elaborate sexual ornaments thought costly thereby maintaining honesty signal, yet done test cost ornamentation telomeres. Kauzálová barn swallows Hirundo rustica tail streamers (a sexually selected ornament (Møller 1988), suggests Ravindran bivariate analysis decompose correlations reproduction within- conclude that, Soay sheep Ovis aries females August years gave birth spring compared without gestation effort, indicative involving reproduction. same birth, mother’s lambs survived August, lost earlier, suggesting complex state dependent Sepp conducted cross-fostering common gulls (Larus canus ), tease apart pre- post-natal parental age offspring Neither natal- nor foster parents chicks.The above interesting, additional needed, evaluating state-induced A good Atema who manipulated equipping tits Parus ‘backpack’ adding 5% mass year. Surprisingly extra burden, despite duration large sample size. consistent evidence costs carrying (Atema 2016), lacking critical interpretation result. dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis elevated testosterone reduces (Reed 2006), accelerated attrition Heidinger part important issue.Trade-offs very life, resources allocated expense maintenance, reflected Ozanne 2018; Vedder Growth manipulate directly through dietary manipulations, confounding systemic fully account. Pepke examined final artificial (tarsus length) free-living house sparrows Passer domesticus two island one island, other. successful creating difference tarsus islands almost 10% significant decrease size, approach hopefully others, existing experiments Though understand know attaining sizesWhile general shorten those mentioned earlier always (meta-analysed Remot issue). elongation hibernating mammals snakes (Olsson raises involved activity likely candidate. Smith discuss challenges activity. note generally detected maintenance activity, explanations. When blood, mainly haemopoietic stem bone marrow focal difficult. Noguera (2020) maternal glucocorticoids yellow-legged Larus michahellis (e.g., corticosterone cortisol) transmission mothers. egg stimulate promote embryo mothers shape trajectories phenotypes. another study, Sheldon tested methylation wild, nestling zebra finches, discovering negatively correlated changes, epigenetics elucidating should therefore considered task future.Raven cancer topic considerable since historically cancer, down-regulation postulated tumour bodies/long lived Telomerase activation identified mutations malignant cells. Raven emphasize telomere-cancer constitute multifaceted process, because (too) short risk. Whether similar remains seen. Telomere predicts (Wilbourn 2018), question whether long-lived Among birds, does (Tricola least available estimates lifespan. contrast, Gomes (2011) Eisenberg revised extended data set confirmed relationship. explanation scope before critically induce senescence. explanation, & positive neoplasia, abnormal develop malignancy. domesticated substantially mass. certain phenotypes, relaxation pressures domestic species; culled reaching lives, diminishing favouring cancer.Heritability EvolvabilityOne remarkable described heritability (i.e., genetic contribution additively variance offspring, i.e., heritability,h2 = VA/VP). Reviews perhaps widest trait ranging near zero (likely sampling error, sinceh2 cannot theoretically exceed one; makes reconcile expectations quantitative genetics theory, situation becoming aim adaptive agents selection. An alternative procedure assess ‘evolvability’ proportional under unit strength selection, yielding mean-scaled additive (Houle 1992). These evolvability, correlation, possibly additive- components environmental-, epistatic- variance; Hansen 2011). discussed. main ‘other’ heritability, limitations usefulness inference, epigenetic inheritance (Bauch 2019), (Dugdale Richardson straightforward expectation theory eliminated, high, (Boonekamp 2021; h2≈ 1) laboratory cricketsGryllus campestris environment-specific, so degree predict responses ongoing do jackdaws Corvus monedula showed (0.74) whereas considerably (0.09; Bauch agrees lengthper se references therein). al.’s evolvability estimate only 0.48% uncorrelated agreement (2011). thus power QG Sparks warblers, exist species.Future DirectionsThe wonderful demonstrates increasing perspective, value areas biology. here highlights several advances collectively addition, taxonomic conceptual benefit field. recent plants discovered RNA homologs plant kingdom structurally ciliates multicellular supporting hypothesis ancestor (Song 2019) growing significance ecologically traits flowering (Choi 2021)). databases taxonomically diverse organisms, histories, sizes, regenerative capabilities limited. needed cycles, capacity variable lifespans. Additional enable testing hypotheses strategies, integrity.To date, benefited long-term systems. There gained collected trajectories. (QG), controlling shared generations (which inflates measure) achieved various releasing random locations care 2011), ‘type’ samples necessary facilitated choice appropriate model systems applying techniques ecology. qPCR continues attractive high-throughput processing, limited interstitial 2021) (Rovatsos 2015; Matsubara 2015). repeats hardly Nussey (Methods Ecol Evolution) discussion methodology). It methodologies precise possible, enough through-put capture variation. Avoiding problems created selective disappearance phenotypes important. Some issues discussed reviews revealing repeatability 202xb) 2021).A recently developed method, absolute-length rapid (STAR) assay high-throughput, digital real-time PCR rapidly absolute lengths quantities molecules (Luo 2020) (Dwech-Maitre 021), although precision evaluated. future yield throughput traditional Restriction Fragment (TRF) (Nussey 2014) current methods. architecture combination next generation sequencing, bioinformatic approaches computerized estimation facilitate examination non-terminal position (Nersisyan Arakelyan Edwards 2021).Finally, exciting pertaining answered. biologists ecologists, ‘stuff life’ variation, role challenge! flexible constrains suite fitness, ask matters most, length? Both predictive longevity stage measured; seems unlikely curtail old

Language: Английский