Nutrition Reviews,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
76(7), P. 481 - 496
Published: Jan. 26, 2018
It
has
become
increasingly
evident
in
recent
years
that
the
gut
microbiome
and
brain
communicate
a
bidirectional
manner,
with
each
possibly
affecting
other's
functions.
Substantial
research
aimed
to
understand
mechanisms
of
this
interaction
outline
strategies
for
preventing
or
treating
nervous
system-related
disturbances.
This
review
explores
evidence
demonstrating
how
may
affect
function
adults,
thereby
having
an
impact
on
stress,
anxiety,
depression,
cognition.
In
vitro,
vivo,
human
studies
reporting
association
between
change
functional
changes
are
highlighted,
as
outlining
by
which
affects
gastrointestinal
tract.
Possible
modes
action
explain
functionally
other
proposed.
Supplemental
probiotics
combat
brain-related
dysfunction
offer
promising
approach,
provided
future
elucidates
their
mode
possible
side
effects.
Further
warranted
establish
pre-
probiotic
interventions
help
balance
healthy
diseased
individuals.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1877 - 2013
Published: Aug. 28, 2019
The
importance
of
the
gut-brain
axis
in
maintaining
homeostasis
has
long
been
appreciated.
However,
past
15
yr
have
seen
emergence
microbiota
(the
trillions
microorganisms
within
and
on
our
bodies)
as
one
key
regulators
function
led
to
appreciation
a
distinct
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
This
is
gaining
ever
more
traction
fields
investigating
biological
physiological
basis
psychiatric,
neurodevelopmental,
age-related,
neurodegenerative
disorders.
brain
communicate
with
each
other
via
various
routes
including
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
vagus
nerve
enteric
nervous
involving
microbial
metabolites
such
short-chain
fatty
acids,
branched
chain
amino
peptidoglycans.
Many
factors
can
influence
composition
early
life,
infection,
mode
birth
delivery,
use
antibiotic
medications,
nature
nutritional
provision,
environmental
stressors,
host
genetics.
At
extreme
diversity
diminishes
aging.
Stress,
particular,
significantly
impact
at
all
stages
life.
Much
recent
work
implicated
gut
many
conditions
autism,
anxiety,
obesity,
schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s
disease,
Alzheimer’s
disease.
Animal
models
paramount
linking
regulation
fundamental
neural
processes,
neurogenesis
myelination,
microbiome
activation
microglia.
Moreover,
translational
human
studies
are
ongoing
will
greatly
enhance
field.
Future
focus
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
attempt
elucidate
microbial-based
intervention
therapeutic
strategies
for
neuropsychiatric
Brain Behavior and Immunity,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
48, P. 186 - 194
Published: April 15, 2015
Studies
using
animal
models
have
shown
that
depression
affects
the
stability
of
microbiota,
but
actual
structure
and
composition
in
patients
with
major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
are
not
well
understood.
Here,
we
analyzed
fecal
samples
from
46
(29
active-MDD
17
responded-MDD)
30
healthy
controls
(HCs).
High-throughput
pyrosequencing
showed
that,
according
to
Shannon
index,
increased
bacterial
α-diversity
was
found
(A-MDD)
vs.
HC
group
responded-MDD
(R-MDD)
group.
Bacteroidetes,
Proteobacteria,
Actinobacteria
strongly
level,
whereas
Firmicutes
significantly
reduced
A-MDD
R-MDD
groups
compared
Despite
profound
interindividual
variability,
levels
several
predominant
genera
were
different
between
MDD
groups.
Most
notably,
had
Enterobacteriaceae
Alistipes
Faecalibacterium.
A
negative
correlation
observed
Faecalibacterium
severity
symptoms.
These
findings
enable
a
better
understanding
changes
microbiota
such
patients,
showing
either
predominance
some
potentially
harmful
or
reduction
beneficial
genera.
Further
studies
warranted
elucidate
temporal
causal
relationships
gut
evaluate
suitability
microbiome
as
biomarker.
Journal of Clinical Investigation,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
125(3), P. 926 - 938
Published: Feb. 17, 2015
Tremendous
progress
has
been
made
in
characterizing
the
bidirectional
interactions
between
central
nervous
system,
enteric
and
gastrointestinal
tract.
A
series
of
provocative
preclinical
studies
have
suggested
a
prominent
role
for
gut
microbiota
these
gut-brain
interactions.
Based
on
using
rodents
raised
germ-free
environment,
appears
to
influence
development
emotional
behavior,
stress-
pain-modulation
systems,
brain
neurotransmitter
systems.
Additionally,
perturbations
by
probiotics
antibiotics
exert
modulatory
effects
some
measures
adult
animals.
Current
evidence
suggests
that
multiple
mechanisms,
including
endocrine
neurocrine
pathways,
may
be
involved
microbiota-to-brain
signaling
can
turn
alter
microbial
composition
behavior
via
autonomic
system.
Limited
information
is
available
how
findings
translate
healthy
humans
or
disease
states
involving
gut/brain
axis.
Future
research
needs
focus
confirming
rodent
are
translatable
human
physiology
diseases
such
as
irritable
bowel
syndrome,
autism,
anxiety,
depression,
Parkinson's
disease.
Neurobiology of Stress,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
7, P. 124 - 136
Published: March 19, 2017
The
importance
of
the
gut–brain
axis
in
regulating
stress-related
responses
has
long
been
appreciated.
More
recently,
microbiota
emerged
as
a
key
player
control
this
axis,
especially
during
conditions
stress
provoked
by
real
or
perceived
homeostatic
challenge.
Diet
is
one
most
important
modifying
factors
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
routes
communication
between
and
brain
are
slowly
being
unravelled,
include
vagus
nerve,
gut
hormone
signaling,
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
microbial
metabolites
such
short
chain
fatty
acids.
early
life
shaping
later
health
outcomes
also
emerging.
Results
from
preclinical
studies
indicate
that
alterations
composition
way
antibiotic
exposure,
lack
breastfeeding,
birth
Caesarean
section,
infection,
other
environmental
influences
-
coupled
with
influence
host
genetics
can
result
long-term
modulation
physiology
behaviour.
implicated
variety
including
anxiety,
depression
irritable
bowel
syndrome,
although
largely
based
on
animal
correlative
analysis
patient
populations.
Additional
research
humans
sorely
needed
to
reveal
relative
impact
causal
contribution
microbiome
disorders.
In
regard,
concept
psychobiotics
developed
refined
encompass
methods
targeting
order
positively
mental
outcomes.
At
2016
Neurobiology
Stress
Workshop
Newport
Beach,
CA,
group
experts
presented
symposium
“The
Microbiome:
Development,
Stress,
Disease”.
This
report
summarizes
builds
upon
some
concepts
within
context
how
might
neurobiology
stress.
Trends in Neurosciences,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
39(11), P. 763 - 781
Published: Oct. 25, 2016
Psychobiotics
were
previously
defined
as
live
bacteria
(probiotics)
which,
when
ingested,
confer
mental
health
benefits
through
interactions
with
commensal
gut
bacteria.
We
expand
this
definition
to
encompass
prebiotics,
which
enhance
the
growth
of
beneficial
review
probiotic
and
prebiotic
effects
on
emotional,
cognitive,
systemic,
neural
variables
relevant
disease.
discuss
gut-brain
signalling
mechanisms
enabling
psychobiotic
effects,
such
metabolite
production.
Overall,
knowledge
how
microbiome
responds
exogenous
influence
remains
limited.
tabulate
several
important
research
questions
issues,
exploration
will
generate
both
mechanistic
insights
facilitate
future
development.
suggest
psychobiotics
be
expanded
beyond
probiotics
prebiotics
include
other
means
influencing
microbiome.
