IMI Risk Factors for Myopia

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 62(5), P. 3 - 3

Published: April 28, 2021

Risk factor analysis provides an important basis for developing interventions any condition. In the case of myopia, evidence a large number risk factors has been presented, but they have not systematically tested confounding. To be useful designing preventive interventions, ideally needs to carried through demonstration causal connection, with defined mechanism. Statistical is often complicated by covariation variables, and relationship between myopia using Mendelian randomization or in randomized clinical trial should aimed for. When strict this kind applied, associations various measures educational pressure are consistently observed. However, more nearwork generally weak inconsistent, supported meta-analysis. Associations time outdoors less stronger observed, including Measurement traditionally performed questionnaires, increasingly being pursued wearable objective devices. A link increased years education confirmed randomization, whereas protective effect from development trials. Other proposed need see if modulate these variables. The linking screen although limitations on under consideration as control epidemic myopia.

Language: Английский

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Meta-analysis of 542,934 subjects of European ancestry identifies new genes and mechanisms predisposing to refractive error and myopia

Nature Genetics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 52(4), P. 401 - 407

Published: March 30, 2020

Language: Английский

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The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm

Journal of Biophotonics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 12(12)

Published: Aug. 21, 2019

Visible light synchronizes the human biological clock in suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus to solar 24-hour cycle. Short wavelengths, perceived as blue color, are strongest synchronizing agent for circadian system that keeps most and psychological rhythms internally synchronized. Circadian rhythm is important optimum function organisms sleep-wake disruptions or chronic misalignment often may lead psychiatric neurodegenerative illness. The beneficial effect on synchronization, sleep quality, mood, cognitive performance depends not only spectral composition but also timing exposure its intensity. Exposure during day suppress melatonin secretion, hormone produced by pineal gland plays crucial role entrainment. While keeping organism's wellbeing, alertness, day, low-intensity directly before bedtime, have serious implications phase cycle durations. This rises inevitably need solutions improve today's modern society where emitting devices ever increasing.

Language: Английский

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Daylight: What makes the difference?

Lighting Research & Technology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 52(3), P. 423 - 442

Published: Aug. 18, 2019

Light is necessary for vision; it enables us to sense and perceive our surroundings in many direct indirect ways, via eye skin, affects physiological psychological health. The use of light built environments has comfort, behavioural, economic environmental consequences. Daylight particular benefits including excellent visual performance, permitting good eyesight, effective entrainment the circadian system as well a number acute non-image forming effects important role vitamin D production. Some human responses daylight seem be defined whilst others require more research adequately understood. This paper presents an overview current knowledge on how characteristics play fulfilling these other functions often better than electric lighting conventionally delivered.

Language: Английский

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Origins of Refractive Errors: Environmental and Genetic Factors

Annual Review of Vision Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 5(1), P. 47 - 72

Published: Sept. 15, 2019

Refractive errors are the product of a mismatch between axial length eye and its optical power, creating blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive second leading cause worldwide blindness. One error currently attracting significant scientific interest is myopia, mostly owing to recent rise in prevalence associated ocular disease burden. This increase myopia has also been rapid, suggesting environmental influences addition any genetic on growth. review defines errors, describes their prevalence, presents evidence for influence factors related development.

Language: Английский

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The relevance of daylight for humans

Biochemical Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 191, P. 114304 - 114304

Published: Oct. 28, 2020

Daylight is ubiquitous and crucial for mammalian vision as well non-visual input to the brain via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express photopigment melanopsin. The ipRGCs project circadian clock in suprachiasmatic nuclei thereby ensure entrainment 24-hour day-night cycle, changes daylength trigger appropriate seasonal behaviours. also perihabenular nucleus surrounding regions modulate mood, stress learning animals humans. Given light has strong direct effects on cognition, alertness, performance, sleep, can be considered a "drug" treat many clinical conditions. Light therapy already established winter other depressions sleep disorders. Beyond visual retina, daylight contributes prevent myopia young by its impact eye development, important Vitamin D synthesis bone health skin. sun most powerful source and, dependent dose, ultraviolet radiance toxic living organisms used disinfectant. Most research involves laboratory-based electric light, without dynamic spectral undergoes moment moment. There gap between importance of human beings amount being done this subject. taken granted an environmental factor, enjoyed or avoided, according More awareness architecture urban design beyond aesthetic values comfort may lead higher quality work environments. Although we do not yet have factual basis assumption natural overall "better" than debate mandates serious consideration sunlight just solar power but biologically necessary sustainable healthy living.

Language: Английский

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IMI—The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 64(6), P. 4 - 4

Published: May 1, 2023

The choroid is the richly vascular layer of eye located between sclera and Bruch's membrane. Early studies in animals, as well more recent humans, have demonstrated that a dynamic, multifunctional structure, with its thickness directly indirectly subject to modulation by variety physiologic visual stimuli. In this review, anatomy function are summarized links choroid, growth regulation, myopia, animal models, discussed. Methods for quantifying choroidal human associated challenges described, literature examining changes response various stimuli refractive error-related differences summarized, potential implications latter myopia considered. This review also allowed reexamination hypothesis short-term induced pharmacologic, optical, or environmental predictive future long-term axial elongation, speculation thickening can be used biomarker treatment efficacy control therapies, general conclusion current evidence not sufficient.

Language: Английский

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The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia

Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 43(1)

Published: Jan. 31, 2024

Abstract Background Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood heightened risk developing high and related sight-threatening eye conditions adulthood. This surge rates, occurring within relatively stable genetic framework, underscores profound influence environmental lifestyle factors on this condition. In comprehensive narrative review, we shed light both established potential contributors that affect development progression myopia. Main body Epidemiological interventional research consistently revealed compelling connection between increased outdoor time decreased children. protective effect may primarily be attributed to exposure characteristics natural (i.e., sunlight) release retinal dopamine. Conversely, irrespective time, excessive engagement near work can further worsen onset While exact mechanisms behind exacerbation are not fully comprehended, it appears involve shifts relative peripheral refraction, overstimulation accommodation, or complex interplay these factors, leading issues like image defocus, blur, chromatic aberration. Other spatial frequency visual environment, circadian rhythm, sleep, nutrition, smoking, socio-economic status, education have debatable independent influences development. Conclusion environment exerts significant Improving modifiable key predictors spent outdoors prevent slow intricate connections often obscure findings, making challenging disentangle their individual effects. complexity necessity for prospective studies employ objective assessments, such quantifying work, among others. These crucial gaining more understanding how various modified

Language: Английский

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IMI 2023 Digest

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 64(6), P. 7 - 7

Published: May 1, 2023

Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies. In 2019, International Institute (IMI) assembled published series white papers across relevant topics updated evidence digest in 2021. Here, we summarize findings key from previous 2 years. Studies animal models have continued explore how wavelength intensity light influence eye growth examined new pharmacologic agents scleral cross-linking as potential strategies for slowing myopia. children, term premyopia gaining interest increased attention early implementation control. Most studies use IMI definitions ≤-0.5 diopters (D) ≤-6.0 D high myopia, although categorization structural consequences remain an issue. Clinical trials demonstrated that newer spectacle lens designs incorporating multiple segments, lenslets, or diffusion optics exhibit good efficacy. considerations factors influencing efficacy soft multifocal contact lenses orthokeratology are discussed. Topical atropine remains only widely accessible treatment. Rebound observed higher concentration not evident lower concentrations optical interventions. Overall, treatments show little adverse effect on visual function appear generally safe, longer wear times combination therapies maximizing outcomes. An emerging category light-based children requires comprehensive safety data enable risk versus benefit analysis. Given success strategies, ethics including arm clinical heavily debated. recommendations trial protocols

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of emmetropization and what might go wrong in myopia

Vision Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 220, P. 108402 - 108402

Published: May 4, 2024

Studies in animal models and humans have shown that refractive state is optimized during postnatal development by a closed-loop negative feedback system uses retinal image defocus as an error signal, mechanism called emmetropization. The sensor to detect its sign resides the retina itself. and/or pigment epithelium (RPE) presumably releases biochemical messengers change choroidal thickness modulate growth rates of underlying sclera. A central question arises: if emmetropization operates system, why does it not stop myopia development? Recent experiments young human subjects (1) emmetropic can perfectly distinguish between real positive simulated defocus, trigger transient axial eye shortening or elongation, respectively. (2) Strikingly, myopic has reduced ability inhibit when imposed. (3) bi-directional response elicited with low spatial frequency information below 8 cyc/deg, which makes unlikely optical higher-order aberrations play role. (4) for detection involves comparison blur blue (S-cone) red end spectrum (L + M-cones) but, again, responsive, at least short-term experiments. This suggests cannot fully inhibitory arm loop. As result, open loop, becomes "open-loop".

Language: Английский

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