A global assessment of the drivers of threatened terrestrial species richness DOI Creative Commons
Christine Howard, Curtis H. Flather, Philip A. Stephens

et al.

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Feb. 20, 2020

Abstract High numbers of threatened species might be expected to occur where overall richness is also high; however, this explains only a proportion the global variation in richness. Understanding why many areas have more or fewer than would given their richness, and whether that consistent across taxa, essential for identifying conservation priorities. Here, we show that, after controlling environmental factors, such as temperature insularity, are typically important human impacts explaining spatial Human impacts, nevertheless, an role, with relationships varying between vertebrate groups zoogeographic regions. provides framework establishing priorities, those regions inherently vulnerable effects threatening processes, forecasting how distributed changing world.

Language: Английский

Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy DOI
David Leclère, Michael Obersteiner,

Mike Barrett

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 585(7826), P. 551 - 556

Published: Sept. 10, 2020

Language: Английский

Citations

716
A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets DOI Creative Commons
Eric Dinerstein, Carly Vynne, Enric Sala

et al.

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 5(4)

Published: April 5, 2019

The Global Deal for Nature sets an ambitious agenda to protect our biosphere through ecosystem conservation and land restoration.

Language: Английский

Citations

673
Human impacts on global freshwater fish biodiversity DOI
Guohuan Su, Maxime Logez, Jun Xu

et al.

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 371(6531), P. 835 - 838

Published: Feb. 19, 2021

No waters left untouched We are increasingly aware of human impacts on biodiversity across our planet, especially in terrestrial and marine systems. know less about fresh waters, including large rivers. Su et al. looked such systems globally, focusing several key measures fish biodiversity. They found that half all river have been heavily affected by activities, with only very tropical basins receiving the lowest levels change. Fragmentation non-native species also led to homogenization rivers, many now containing similar fewer specialized lineages. Science , this issue p. 835

Language: Английский

Citations

397
A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate DOI Creative Commons
Eric Dinerstein, Anup R. Joshi, Carly Vynne

et al.

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 6(36)

Published: Sept. 4, 2020

The “Global Safety Net” shows where nature could be conserved and connected to reverse biodiversity loss stabilize climate.

Language: Английский

Citations

257
Wilderness areas halve the extinction risk of terrestrial biodiversity DOI
Moreno Di Marco, Simon Ferrier, Tom Harwood

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 573(7775), P. 582 - 585

Published: Sept. 18, 2019

Language: Английский

Citations

195
Global areas of low human impact (‘Low Impact Areas’) and fragmentation of the natural world DOI Creative Commons
Andrew P. Jacobson, Jason Riggio, Alexander M. Tait

et al.

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Oct. 2, 2019

Habitat loss and fragmentation due to human activities is the leading cause of biodiversity ecosystem services. Protected areas are primary response this challenge cornerstone conservation efforts. Roughly 15% land currently protected although there momentum dramatically raise area targets towards 50%. But, how much remains in a natural state? We answer critical question by using open-access, frequently updated data sets on terrestrial impacts create new categorical map global influence ('Low Impact Areas') at 1 km2 resolution. found that 56% surface, minus permanent ice snow, has low impact. This suggests increased could be met minimally impacted people, substantial variation across ecoregions biomes. While habitat well documented, differences rates between biomes received little attention. Low Areas uniquely enabled us calculate biomes, we compared these an idealized globe with no human-caused fragmentation. The heavily fragmented, compromised reduced patch size core area, exposed edge effects. Tropical dry forests temperate grasslands world's most demonstrate when considered addition loss, species, ecosystems associated services worse condition than previously reported.

Language: Английский

Citations

186
The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity DOI
James R. Allan, Hugh P. Possingham, Scott Atkinson

et al.

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 376(6597), P. 1094 - 1101

Published: June 2, 2022

Ambitious conservation efforts are needed to stop the global biodiversity crisis. In this study, we estimate minimum land area secure important areas, ecologically intact and optimal locations for representation of species ranges ecoregions. We discover that at least 64 million square kilometers (44% terrestrial area) would require attention (ranging from protected areas land-use policies) meet goal. More than 1.8 billion people live on these lands, so responses promote autonomy, self-determination, equity, sustainable management safeguarding essential. Spatially explicit scenarios suggest 1.3 is risk being converted intensive human uses by 2030, which requires immediate attention. However, a sevenfold difference exists between amount habitat in optimistic pessimistic scenarios, highlighting an opportunity avert Appropriate targets Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework encourage identified contribute substantially biodiversity.

Language: Английский

Citations

169
Advancing Social Equity in and Through Marine Conservation DOI Creative Commons
Nathan Bennett,

Laure Katz,

Whitney Yadao-Evans

et al.

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: July 30, 2021

Substantial efforts and investments are being made to increase the scale improve effectiveness of marine conservation globally. Though it is mandated by international law central policy, less attention has been given how operationalize social equity in through pursuit conservation. In this article, we aim bring greater topic reviewing can be better integrated policy practice. Advancing requires directing to: recognition acknowledgment respect for diverse peoples perspectives; fair distribution impacts maximizing benefits minimizing burdens; procedures fostering participation decision-making good governance; management championing supporting local involvement leadership; environment ensuring efficacy actions adequacy ensure nature people; structural barriers institutional roots inequity We then discuss role various organizations advancing identify capacities these need build. urge community, including governments, non-governmental donors, commit socially equitable

Language: Английский

Citations

159
Transforming Protected Area Management in China DOI Creative Commons

Weihua Xu,

Stuart L. Pimm,

Ao Du

et al.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 34(9), P. 762 - 766

Published: July 10, 2019

We discuss institutional reforms to China’s protected area management. Currently (as elsewhere), areas suffer fragmented management, lack of a comprehensive classification, inadequate coverage biodiversity and ecosystem services, divided, inconsistent legislation. recommend establishing new system management that can address past difficulties by using ongoing as unprecedented opportunities. Establishing is the major strategy for conserving worldwide [1.Watson J.E. et al.The performance potential areas.Nature. 2014; 515: 67Crossref PubMed Scopus (1055) Google Scholar]. Global aspirations such United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals 14 15 (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs) emphasise their importance inescapable connections. The International Convention Biological Diversity’s Aichis targets (https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/) specify quantitative (target 11), stopping loss natural habitats 5), species extinction 12), while underscoring vital services ecosystems provide 14). China has exceptional biodiversity: its range from permanent ice fields tropical moist forests [2.Liu J. al.Protecting China's biodiversity.Science. 2003; 300: 1240-1241Crossref (218) Scholar], it holds 15% world’s vertebrate 12% plant [3.Kram M. Biodiversity: A Guide Land Use, Tenure, Protection Tools. Nature Conservancy, Beijing2012Google Scholar] in about 6% Earth’s land surface. As with other countries [4.Joppa L.N. al.On protection “protected areas”.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008; 105: 6673-6678Crossref (352) encounters obstacles this biodiversity, limiting ability meet international commitments. experiences have important implications rest world, particularly given upcoming 15th Conference Parties (COP 15) on Diversity 2020. By 2017, had established 2750 nature reserves (the strictest type area) covering 1.47 million km2. Since establishment first reserve 1956, total increased rapidly, especially between 1990 2000. global Scholar, 5.Lewis E. al.Dynamics protected-area estate since 2004.Conserv. Biol. 2017; 33: 570-579Crossref (40) plateaued or even decreased slightly then. 2000, also numerous types areas. These multiple goals ecosystems, landscapes, resources, relics, others, yet combined small. In total, over 12 000 areas, 20% surface [6.Ouyang Z. al.Research Overall Spatial Planning National Park System. Environment Press Corp, Beijing2018Google (see Figure S1 supplemental information online). central problem been these different One more departments agencies within corresponding district county government (Table online) manages each area. According designated responsibilities, entities set rules under jurisdiction. Three problems arose this. First, there no classification Different created categories, including scenic spots, forest parks, water own, varying online materials Table S1). disjointed categories may similar functions, those generating direct economic returns, tourism recreation, overlook ecological functions (e.g., services). Thus, cannot national requirements, example, ones achieve Aichi targets. Furthermore, they clear correspondence so readily be aligned schemes, Union Conservation (https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-area-categories). Second, quantity spatial allocation fall short meeting needs conservation provisioning [7.Li B.V. Pimm S.L. endemic vertebrates sheltering protective umbrella giant panda.Conserv. 2016; 30: 329-339Crossref (83) 8.Xu W. al.Strengthening China.Proc. 114: 1601-1606Crossref (333) Each department own agenda. Even when applied category reserves, overall plan meets Besides, many were ‘bottom-up’, places suffered serious threats where local governments strongly motivated do so. For instance, prefer attract tourists parks wetland parks) strictly regimented reserves. Without planning, current does not match key services. largest are western China, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Many (such retention) eastern southern seriously underrepresented [8.Xu Conversely, ‘overprotects’ some Several administrative bodies overlapping elsewhere [9.Turnipseed al.Legal bedrock rebuilding America’s ocean ecosystems.Science. 2009; 324: 183-184Crossref (34) putting administrations into conflict. Protected Hainan Sichuan examples (Box 1).Box 1Management ProblemsOverlapping Management ProvincesAmong 118 terrestrial coastal categorised six Province, at least 50 (16.6% amount) experience administration overlap. spots show extent overlap S2 online).Since 1978, State Forestry Administration managed famous Jiuzhaigou Province pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). 1982, Ministry Housing Urban-Rural spot. It became geopark 2004 geological landscape was entrusted Resources. three names manage it. practice, same staff, but responsibilities When clashed development, easily chose latter. Tourism brought greater benefits likely harmed effectiveness. At seven 1988, only two 2000 2013 based panda surveys. contrast, population size surrounding mountain ranges [10.Administration Third Survey Report Giant Panda China. Science Publishing House, 2006Google Scholar].Law Policy Conflicts Sanjiangbingliu YunnanThe (Three Parallel Rivers) region spot 1989 world heritage site 2003. Simultaneously, reserve, geopark, park large spatially ‘Nature Reserve Regulation Rules People’s Republic China’ prohibit development commercial activities buffer core zones, ‘Regulation Scenic Spots’ allows herding, logging, hunting, benefit villagers economically. Consequently, related allowed claims deforestation. They approved construction roads cross reserve’s buffer-zone activities, though giving rise landslides, soil erosion, degradation wildlife habitat, legal rules. If continues, difficult punish accountable parties actions lead erosion comply [11.Wang H. analysis interest conflicts parallel rivers Yunnan (in Chinese).Ecol. Environ. 12: 155-158Google Overlapping Provinces Among Law Third, effective mechanism determines roles, benefits, authority stakeholders Under mechanisms, regulations policies rules) incomplete, disjointed, coordination, thus less accomplishing relevant Challenges accountability arise if players judges. What should what issues? How area’s monitored? Who blamed rewarded? example several substantially, contradict, offset, cancel one another 1). now implementing reforms. Some closely relate protection. Four critical highly efficient standardised number ministries branches Council 79 March 2018, merged subordinated an upper (http://sg.weibo.com/user/rmrb/4217176971870338). Upon completing nationally, will locally. re-establishment uniform, normative, This change Fewer agencies, better reduce functional ownership all state-owned resources assets transferred ministry: newly Natural ministry consider both simultaneously plans. shift help solve relating overlapping, conflict rules, arising previous administrations. body, Resources forests, wetlands, grasslands. Managing previously reported departments, responsible reform. aims protect integrity ecosystems. promote area, [12.Zhang habitat services.Biol. Conserv. 2018; 227: 1-8Crossref (18) original small inside repealed once (Figure offer great opportunity second adjusted department, Ecology Environment, released managing charged monitoring supervising overseas efforts, independently. reform addresses mechanisms. longer judges, assessment status objective. mentioned above led changes. September responded quickly mismanagement mining, real development) conserve endangered species, Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis), Manchurian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica), Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). mandated (http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/DSN22NTG0530SM99.html). Although discussed above, issues need further attention. following:(i)Recategorise requirements ensure security neighbouring countries. With reforms, restructuring governmental challenge ensues. merge, how deal goals, bring? speaking commitments, translate concepts understand? must relationship categories. proposed concept (i.e., parks). propose detailed germplasm New systematic objectives, intensity practicality enable conservation.(ii)Establish planning considers nation’s diversity representative landscapes. establish quantities boundaries various our recommendation above. action identify unique reassignment cautious reassigning strict ones. Subsequently, foundation delineating exist paper, gaps distribution.(iii)Create integrated law years ago failed mainly due disagreement amongst charge recent opportunity. contain law, specific Our recommendations enhance balancing pave way green efforts substantially move forward towards achieving response 2020 Biodiversity Targets [13.Xu al.Assessing progress toward targets.Acta Ecol. Sin. 36: 3847-3858Google significantly, confirm leadership COP15. event comes time ambitious fractions (up half) [14.Dinerstein al.An ecoregion-based approach protecting half realm.BioScience. 67: 534-545Crossref (631) 15.Wilson E.O. Half-Earth: Planet’s Fight Life. WW Norton & Company, 2016Google oceans, challenging debates globally itself [16.Pimm al.How Earth protects sufficient biodiversity.Sci. Adv. 8eaat2616Crossref (100) research supported Strategic Priority Research Program Academy Sciences ( XDA23080100 ), Foundation (Grant 41671534 Grassland , U.S. . Download .docx (.33 MB) Help docx files Supplementary material

Language: Английский

Citations

147
Enhancing protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau DOI
Shicheng Li, Heng Zhang, Xuewu Zhou

et al.

Ecosystem Services, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 43, P. 101090 - 101090

Published: March 25, 2020

Language: Английский

Citations

144