Getting the message right on nature‐based solutions to climate change

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(8), P. 1518 - 1546

Published: Feb. 1, 2021

Abstract Nature‐based solutions (NbS)—solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature—have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development. Although well‐designed NbS deliver multiple benefits for people nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting carbon sequestration. There are serious concerns this is distracting from need rapidly phase out use fossil fuels protect existing intact ecosystems. also expansion forestry framed a mitigation solution coming at cost rich biodiverse native ecosystems local resource rights. Here, we discuss promise pitfalls framing its current political traction, present recommendations how get message right. We urge policymakers, practitioners researchers consider synergies trade‐offs associated follow four guiding principles enable provide society: (1) not substitute rapid fuels; (2) wide range land in sea, just forests; (3) implemented full engagement consent Indigenous Peoples communities way respects their cultural ecological rights; (4) should be explicitly designed measurable biodiversity. Only by following these guidelines will design robust resilient urgent sustaining nature together, now into future.

Language: Английский

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Soil microbiomes and one health

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21(1), P. 6 - 20

Published: Aug. 23, 2022

Language: Английский

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Beyond organic farming – harnessing biodiversity-friendly landscapes

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(10), P. 919 - 930

Published: Aug. 3, 2021

Biodiversity continues to decline rapidly, despite decades of repeated national and international policy efforts. Agricultural intensification is a major driver biodiversity losses, while conversion organic farming has been suggested as key technique halt or reverse this trend.In contrast widespread view, certified agriculture raises local richness species by just third when compared conventional farming. This achieved through waiving synthetic agrochemicals, but leads considerable yield requiring the more land obtain similar yields.Diversifying cropland reducing field size on landscape level can multiply in both without productivity.Complementing such increases heterogeneity with at least 20% seminatural habitat per should be recommendation current frameworks. We challenge appraisal that fundamental alternative for harnessing agricultural landscapes. Certification production largely restricted banning resulting limited benefits high losses ongoing specialisation. In contrast, successful measures enhance include diversifying size, which sustaining yields systems. Achieving landscape-level mosaic natural patches fine-grained diversification promoting large-scale biodiversity. needs urgently acknowledged makers an paradigm shift. decline, implementation conservation conventions, Convention Biological Diversity (1992), UN Decade (2011–2020), many other schemes, had little success [1.Kleijn D. et al.Does farmland contribute halting decline?.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2011; 26: 474-481Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,2.Pe'er G. al.Adding some green greening: improving EU's ecological focus areas farmers.Conserv. Lett. 2017; 10: 517-530Crossref Scholar]. Agriculture considered main cause global [3.Sánchez-Bayo F. Wyckhuys K.A.G. Worldwide entomofauna: A review its drivers.Biol. Conserv. 2019; 232: 8-27Crossref (919) Scholar, 4.Seibold S. al.Arthropod grasslands forests associated drivers.Nature. 574: 671-674Crossref (306) 5.Lichtenberg E.M. al.A synthesis effects diversified systems arthropod diversity within fields across landscapes.Glob. Chang. Biol. 23: 4946-4957Crossref (123) Scholar], objectives still collide FAO calls higher crop feed world [6.Tscharntke T. al.Global food security, future intensification.Biol. 2012; 151: 53-59Crossref (1050) The model intensification, based agrochemical inputs, large monocultures homogenisation, successfully increased yields, severe ecosystem services, even neighbouring nature reserves Scholar,5.Lichtenberg 6.Tscharntke 7.Kormann U. al.Local management drive trait-mediated nine taxa small grassland fragments.Divers. Distrib. 2015; 21: 1204-1217Crossref (62) Current trends only reversed concerted effort fundamentally redesign landscapes [8.Landis D.A. Designing biodiversity-based services.Basic Appl. 18: 1-12Crossref (262) 9.Grass I. al.Land-sharing/-sparing connectivity services conservation.People Nat. 1: 262-272Google 10.Grass al.Combining land-sparing land-sharing European landscapes.Adv. Res. 2021; 64: 251-303Crossref (14) Scholar]; is, shift agriculture. Certified farming, agrochemicals [11.Seufert V. Ramankutty N. Many shades gray – context-dependent performance agriculture.Sci. Adv. 3e1602638Crossref Scholar] achieve sustainability general particular, often claimed [12.Niggli Sustainability production: challenges innovations.Proc. Nutr. Soc. 74: 83-88Crossref (39) 13.Bosshard A. International Federation Organic Movements IFOAM Guide Landscape Quality Agriculture. IFOAM, 2009Google 14.Geiger al.Persistent negative pesticides biological control potential farmland.Basic 2010; 11: 97-105Crossref (724) However, contribution stop appears exaggerated public perception [15.Hole D.G. benefit biodiversity?.Biol. 2005; 122: 113-130Crossref Scholar,16.Schneider M.K. al.Gains organically farmed are not propagated farm level.Nat. Commun. 2014; 5: 4151Crossref (64) fact, switching from practices [17.Tuck S.L. al.Land-use intensity biodiversity: hierarchical meta-analysis.J. 51: 746-755Crossref (367) so needed produce same amount Scholar,18.Meemken E.-M. Qaim M. agriculture, environment.Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 2018; 39-63Crossref (82) Surprisingly, wealth biodiversity-friendly implemented have far poorly adopted [19.Kleijn al.Ecological intensification: bridging gap between science practice.Trends 34: 154-166Abstract (147) 20.Sirami C. al.Increasing enhances multitrophic regions.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116: 16442-16447Crossref 21.Batary P. al.Landscape-moderated importance hedges conserving bird vs. croplands grasslands.Biol. 143: 2020-2027Crossref (102) 22.Haan N.L. al.Designing arthropod-based North America.Adv. 191-250Crossref (1) 23.Boetzl F.A. multitaxa assessment effectiveness agri-environmental schemes management.Proc. 118: 1-9Crossref (3) Here, we restoring After considering essential propose effective solutions towards friendly ways integrate scales existing well policies. On average, world's crops ~34% abundance ~50% Scholar,24.Bengtsson J. al.The abundance: 42: 261-269Crossref Scholar,25.Smith O.M. al.Landscape context affects systems.Proc. 2020; 117: 2870-2878Crossref (12) plants bees benefitting most arthropods birds smaller degree Benefits also vary type strives environmental benefits, soil fertility biodiversity, prohibits fertilisers, pesticides, genetically modified organisms Scholar,12.Niggli Scholar,26.Mäder al.Soil farming.Science. 2002; 296: 1694-1697Crossref (1744) replacement herbicides mechanical weeding important conservation, because weed cover [27.Roschewitz complexity arable farming.J. 873-882Crossref (283) 28.Clough Y. al.Alpha beta conventionally managed wheat fields.J. 2007; 44: 804-812Crossref (143) 29.Holzschuh al.Agricultural support pollinator diversity.Oikos. 2008; 354-361Crossref 30.Batáry former Iron Curtain drives biodiversity-profit trade-offs German agriculture.Nat. 1279-1284Crossref (69) Practices diversification, fields, manure, low fertiliser input, restoration elements recommended organisations prevalent than farms [31.Fuller R.J. al.Benefits among taxa.Biol. 431-434Crossref (209) Scholar,32.Holzschuh al.Diversity flower-visiting cereal fields: system, composition regional context.J. 41-49Crossref they formal part certification regulations [33.Tscharntke al.Conserving tropical agroforestry scales.Conserv. 8: 14-23Crossref Mainstreaming public, pushed policies NGO activities, play role success, empathy trust schemes. Lastly, products profitable farmers, consumers, governments, pay premium prices Scholar,30.Batáry Scholar,34.Reganold J.P. Wachter J.M. twenty-first century.Nat. Plants. 2016; 2: 1-8Crossref (464) there limitations reduced misconceptions about pesticide use, taxon-specific commercial production. While waste meat consumption security lower additional obstacles [35.Gabriel al.Food comparing agriculture.J. 2013; 50: 355-364Crossref (134) When measured unit necessary defined output (e.g., number kilograms produced) simply hectare wheat), disappear [10.Grass Scholar,36.Kremen Reframing land-sparing/land-sharing debate conservation.Ann. 1355: 52-76Crossref (207) Globally all crops, 19–25% [18.Meemken Vegetables cereals show highest gaps [37.Seufert al.Comparing agriculture.Nature. 485: 229-232Crossref (1006) up 50% decrease [30.Batáry Scholar,35.Gabriel however, fruits oilseed Moreover, it myth principally waive pesticides. Pesticides allowed under labels long derived substances rather ones Widespread insecticides used pyrethrin, chrysanthemum, azadirachtin Asian neem tree. Copper sulfate applied cope fungal bacterial diseases, example, vineyards, orchards, vegetables [38.Nascimbene al.Organic plant vineyard located intensive landscapes.Environ. Manag. 49: 1054-1060Crossref (38) persistent accumulates soils [39.Tamm L. al.Reduktion von Pflanzenschutzmitteln der Schweiz: Beitrag des Biolandbaus.Agrarforschung Schweiz. 52–59Google Natural do much damage [40.Biondi al.Using organic-certified may safer agents: selectivity side 14 predator Orius laevigatus.Chemosphere. 87: 803-812Crossref (305) vast majority rarely treated potatoes, vegetables, hops, grapes, regularly heavily For instance, spraying grapes apples shown less Scholar,39.Tamm Overall, suggests smart application strategies use Integrated Pest Pollinator Management techniques) regardless [14.Geiger Scholar,41.Tscharntke al.When fails pest Five hypotheses.Biol. 204: 449-458Crossref (241) Scholar,42.Müller Impacts sublethal insecticide exposure insects facts knowledge gaps.Basic 30: 1-10Crossref (56) Similarly, harmful overfertilisation occurs mineral manure [43.Klimek al.Additive partitioning respect regime, fertilisation abiotic factors.Basic 9: 626-634Crossref (45) Importantly, spectrum [5.Lichtenberg Scholar,44.Forrest J.R.K. al.Contrasting patterns functional-trait landscape.J. 52: 706-715Crossref noncrop due missing herbicides, whereas mobile, landscape-dependent insect populations Furthermore, applications common great habitats. These habitats hedges, herbaceous boundaries, traditional, uneconomic agroecosystems calcareous orchard meadows [21.Batary Scholar,45.Weibull A.-C. butterflies landscape: system heterogeneity.Ecography. 2000; 743-750Crossref meta-analysis agrienvironment found off-field measures, margins hedgerows, twice in-field [46.Batáry agri-environment management.Conserv. 29: 1006-1016Crossref (419) diversity, butterfly [45.Weibull Increasing hedge length 250 m one 12 species, increasingly intensified, specialised, away idealism enthusiasm original movement (Figure 1). family characterised beginning movement, modern huge monocultures, resembling fields. come sterile greenhouse blocks cultures plastic sheets, covering entire Almeria Province (Spain) heart Europe's where >50% grown proportion increasing over last decade 1.4% 10.3% [47.Dundas Farming "Supersized": An Imperfect Solution Planet?.2019Google Further examples landscape-damaging produced blocks, favourably doubling extending growing seasons, cost [48.Chang greenhouses beyond supply?.Front. Environ. 43-49Crossref above suggest silver bullet Diversifying pollination, Scholar,49.Rosa-Schleich al.Ecological-economic Diversified Systems review.Ecol. 160: 251-263Crossref (41) Scholar,50.Tamburini promotes multiple compromising yield.Sci. 6eaba1715Crossref (Table 1 Table 2). land, particular Europe America, shaped short rotations simplify techniques specialise best-selling products. Diverse dominated after maize maize), three standard sequences wheat, barley, rape [51.Steinmann H.-H. Dobers E.S. Spatio-temporal analysis sequence Northern Germany: implications health protection.J. Plant Dis. Prot. 120: 85-94Crossref (37) Scholar,52.Bennett A.J. al.Meeting demand rotations.Biol. 52-71Crossref (247) Scholar]). simplified deplete soils, promote infestations, resistance applications, risk resource bottlenecks pollinators biocontrol agents [53.Schellhorn N.A. al.Time will tell: continuity bolsters services.Trends 524-530Abstract (133) increase declines [52.Bennett provided mixed pattern alone combined practices, wildflower strips, effectively stability pollination 54.Rundlöf al.Late-season mass-flowering red clover bumble bee queen male densities.Biol. 172: 138-145Crossref 55.Westphal al.Mass flowering improves early colony growth sexual reproduction bumblebees.J. 2009; 46: 187-193Crossref Globally, 15% longer (4.5 instead 3.8 years). Still, average 48% [56.Barbieri farming.Sci. Rep. 7: Diversification multicropping reduce 8–9% [57.Ponisio L.C. al.Diversification gap.Proc. R. B 282: 20141396Crossref could longer, 7-year period [26.Mäder uptake [58.Seufert al.Current contributions system.Agroecosyst. Divers. 2019: 435-452Crossref (7) Instead, trend intensify Scholar,59.Garibaldi L.A. Pérez-Méndez Positive outcomes employment worldwide.Ecol. 164: 106358Crossref (18) Scholar].Table 1Biodiversity scales, illustrated meta-analyses syntheses showing quantified estimatesMeasuresQuantified findingsRefsLocal scaleOff-field vs measuresMeasures areas, roughly enhancing richnes

Language: Английский

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Positive but variable effects of crop diversification on biodiversity and ecosystem services

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(19), P. 4697 - 4710

Published: June 11, 2021

Abstract Ecological theory suggests that biodiversity has a positive and stabilizing effect on the delivery of ecosystem services. Yet, impacts increasing diversity cultivated crop species or varieties in agroecosystems are still under scrutiny. The available empirical evidence is scattered scope, agronomic geographic contexts, services may depend type diversification strategy used. To robustly assess effects agroecosystems, we compiled results 95 meta‐analyses integrating 5156 experiments conducted over 84 experimental years representing more than 54,500 paired observations 120 85 countries. Overall, our synthesis data from across globe shows enhances not only production (median +14%) but also associated (+24%, i.e., non‐cultivated plants animals), several supporting regulating including water quality (+51%), pest disease control (+63%) soil (+11%). However, there was substantial variability for each individual service between different strategies such as agroforestry, intercropping, cover crops, rotation variety mixtures. Agroforestry particularly effective delivering multiple services, is, regulation quality, diseases regulation, biodiversity, long‐term productivity quality. Variety mixtures, instead, provide lowest benefits, whereas other show intermediate results. Our highlight while represents very promising sustainable land management, contributing to enhanced yields, some others key

Language: Английский

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Ten facts about land systems for sustainability

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(7)

Published: Feb. 7, 2022

Land use is central to addressing sustainability issues, including biodiversity conservation, climate change, food security, poverty alleviation, and sustainable energy. In this paper, we synthesize knowledge accumulated in land system science, the integrated study of terrestrial social-ecological systems, into 10 hard truths that have strong, general, empirical support. These facts help explain challenges achieving thus also point toward solutions. The are as follows: 1) Meanings values socially constructed contested; 2) systems exhibit complex behaviors with abrupt, hard-to-predict changes; 3) irreversible changes path dependence common features systems; 4) some uses a small footprint but very large impacts; 5) drivers impacts land-use change globally interconnected spill over distant locations; 6) humanity lives on used planet where all provides benefits societies; 7) usually entails trade-offs between different benefits—"win–wins" rare; 8) tenure claims often unclear, overlapping, 9) burdens from unequally distributed; 10) users multiple, sometimes conflicting, ideas what social environmental justice entails. implications for governance, do not provide fixed answers. Instead they constitute set core principles which can guide scientists, policy makers, practitioners meeting use.

Language: Английский

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Organic and conservation agriculture promote ecosystem multifunctionality

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(34)

Published: Aug. 20, 2021

Considering agroecosystem multifunctionality is essential for designing sustainable cropping systems.

Language: Английский

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Global systematic review with meta-analysis reveals yield advantage of legume-based rotations and its drivers

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 22, 2022

Abstract Diversified cropping systems, especially those including legumes, have been proposed to enhance food production with reduced inputs and environmental impacts. However, the impact of legume pre-crops on main crop yield its drivers has never systematically investigated in a global context. Here, we synthesize 11,768 observations from 462 field experiments comparing legume-based non-legume systems show that legumes enhanced by 20%. These advantages decline increasing N fertilizer rates diversity system. The benefits are consistent among crops (e.g., rice, wheat, maize) evident across pedo-climatic regions. Moreover, greater (32% vs. 7%) observed low- high-yielding environments, suggesting increase low Africa or organic agriculture). In conclusion, our study suggests rotations offer critical pathway for enhancing production, when integrated into low-input low-diversity agricultural systems.

Language: Английский

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Crop cover is more important than rotational diversity for soil multifunctionality and cereal yields in European cropping systems

Nature Food, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2(1), P. 28 - 37

Published: Jan. 13, 2021

Language: Английский

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Complex agricultural landscapes host more biodiversity than simple ones: A global meta-analysis

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(38)

Published: Sept. 12, 2022

Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity conservation requires profound structural changes worldwide. Often, discussions are centered on management at the field level. However, a wide and growing body of evidence calls for zooming out targeting policies, research, interventions landscape level halt reverse decline in biodiversity, increase biodiversity-mediated ecosystem services landscapes, improve resilience adaptability these ecosystems. We conducted most comprehensive assessment date complexity effects nondomesticated terrestrial through meta-analysis 1,134 effect sizes from 157 peer-reviewed articles. Increasing composition, configuration, or heterogeneity significatively positively affects biodiversity. More complex host more (richness, abundance, evenness) with potential benefits sustainable production conservation, likely underestimated. The few articles that assessed combined contribution linear (e.g., hedgerows) areal woodlots) elements resulted near-doubling (i.e., level) compared dominant number studies measuring separately. Similarly, positive stronger monitoring least 2 y 1-y efforts. Besides, exist when occurs nonoverlapping highlighting need long-term robustly designed Living harmony nature will require shifting paradigms toward valuing promoting multifunctional agriculture farm levels research agenda untangles landscapes’ contributions people under current future conditions.

Language: Английский

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A global overview of studies about land management, land‐use change, and climate change effects on soil organic carbon

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 28(4), P. 1690 - 1702

Published: Dec. 7, 2021

Abstract Major drivers of gains or losses in soil organic carbon (SOC) include land management, land‐use change, and climate change. Thousands original studies have focused on these SOC change are now compiled a growing number meta‐analyses. To critically assess the research efforts this domain, we retrieved characterized 192 meta‐analyses stocks concentrations. These comprise more than 13,200 conducted from 1910 to 2020 150 countries. First, show that, despite over time, geographical coverage is limited. For example, effect has been only occasionally studied North Central Africa, Middle East Asia. Second, investigated limited management practices, mostly mineral fertilization, amendments, tillage. Third, demonstrated relatively low quality transparency. Lastly, discuss mismatch between increasing need for local, reusable, diversified knowledge how preserve high restore depleted stocks.

Language: Английский

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