The
brain
predicts
regularities
in
sensory
inputs
at
multiple
complexity
levels,
with
neuronal
mechanisms
that
remain
elusive.
Here,
we
monitored
auditory
cortex
activity
during
the
local-global
paradigm,
a
protocol
nesting
different
regularity
levels
sound
sequences.
We
observed
mice
encode
local
predictions
based
on
stimulus
occurrence
and
transition
probabilities,
because
responses
are
boosted
upon
prediction
violation.
This
boosting
was
due
to
both
short-term
adaptation
an
adaptation-independent
surprise
mechanism
resisting
anesthesia.
In
parallel,
only
wakefulness,
VIP
interneurons
responded
omission
of
locally
expected
repeat
sequence
ending,
thus
providing
chunking
signal
potentially
useful
for
establishing
global
structure.
When
this
structure
violated,
by
either
shortening
or
ending
it
but
globally
unexpected
transition,
slightly
increased
PV
neurons,
respectively.
Hence,
distinct
cellular
predict
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
43(3), P. 113864 - 113864
Published: Feb. 27, 2024
The
neural
mechanisms
underlying
novelty
detection
are
not
well
understood,
especially
in
relation
to
behavior.
Here,
we
present
single-unit
responses
from
the
primary
auditory
cortex
(A1)
two
monkeys
trained
detect
deviant
tones
amid
repetitive
ones.
Results
show
that
can
sounds,
and
there
is
a
strong
correlation
between
late
neuronal
(250–350
ms
after
onset)
monkeys'
perceptual
decisions.
magnitude
timing
of
both
behavioral
increased
by
larger
frequency
differences
standard
increasing
number
preceding
deviant.
This
suggests
A1
neurons
encode
behaving
monkeys,
influenced
stimulus
relevance
expectations.
study
provides
evidence
supporting
aspects
predictive
coding
sensory
cortex.
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
44(4), P. 115538 - 115538
Published: April 1, 2025
Under
the
predictive
coding
framework,
brain
generates
a
model
of
environment
based
on
previous
experiences.
Incoming
sensory
information
is
compared
to
this
model,
such
that
if
predictions
do
not
match
inputs,
prediction
error
generated.
Predictions
are
passed
top-down,
and
errors
emerge
when
bottom-up
does
predictions.
Prediction
occur
sequentially
in
primary
auditory
cortex
(A1)
then
medial
prefrontal
(mPFC).
Here,
we
test
hypothesis
mPFC
sends
contribute
generation
errors.
We
used
optogenetics
block
top-down
signals
from
while
recording
neuronal
A1
under
classical
"oddball"
paradigm.
Blocking
reduces
response
rare
sounds,
it
affect
responses
predictable
or
random
sounds.
Our
results
provide
empirical
evidence
for
enhance
unpredicted
stimuli.
A
fundamental
property
of
sensory
systems
is
their
ability
to
detect
novel
stimuli
in
the
ambient
environment.
The
auditory
brain
contains
neurons
that
decrease
response
repetitive
sounds
but
increase
firing
rate
or
deviant
stimuli;
difference
between
both
responses
known
as
stimulus-specific
adaptation
neuronal
mismatch
(nMM).
Here,
we
tested
effect
microiontophoretic
applications
ACh
on
cortex
(AC)
anesthetized
rats
during
an
oddball
paradigm,
including
cascade
controls.
Results
indicate
modulates
nMM,
affecting
prediction
error
not
repetition
suppression,
and
this
manifested
predominantly
infragranular
cortical
layers.
differential
standards,
relative
deviants
(in
terms
averages
variances),
was
consistent
with
representational
sharpening
accompanies
precision
errors.
These
findings
suggest
plays
important
role
modulating
signaling
AC
gating
access
these
signals
higher
cognitive
levels.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 5, 2025
Abstract
Stimulus-specific
adaptation
(SSA)
is
a
ubiquitous
phenomenon
in
the
animal
kingdom
across
sensory
modalities,
but
this
type
of
neural
response
has
rarely
been
studied
using
natural
sounds
auditory
brain.
Here,
we
leveraged
well-documented
acoustic
repertoire
bat
species
Carollia
perspicillata
to
study
brain
communication
sounds.
We
searched
for
SSA
single
neuron
spiking
activity
measured
two
areas
simultaneously:
cortex
and
frontal
field.
The
stimuli
consisted
distress
syllables,
form
vocalization
produced
by
bats
under
duress.
Bat
vocalizations
signal
different
degrees
urgency
based
on
their
amplitude
modulation
pattern,
without
large
differences
spectral
structure.
These
make
an
ideal
test
case
exploring
limits
deviance
detection
when
considering
naturalistic
soundscapes
with
low
stimulus
contrast.
results
show
limited
evidence
stimulus-specific
sound
sequences
majority
neurons
studied.
Many
did
prominent
effect
related
context-dependent
changes,
caused
that
occurred
most
frequently
within
each
oddball
sequence.
Context-dependent
responses
were
strongest
neurons.
Decoding
analysis
showed
existence
populations
both
cortices,
which
could
distinguish
between
deviants
standards
occurring
same
sequence,
changes
evoked
spike
counts.
Taken
together,
our
highlight
diversity
mechanisms
complementing
classical
encoding
do
not
differ
markedly
composition.
Biology Open,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14(5)
Published: May 15, 2025
ABSTRACT
The
‘1st
Azerbaijan
Neuroscience
School:
Introduction’
program
marked
a
historic
milestone
as
the
first
neuroscience
education
initiative
in
Azerbaijan.
This
12-week
online
aimed
to
bridge
gap
between
Azerbaijani
enthusiasts
and
international
experts
by
delivering
foundational
knowledge,
cutting-edge
research
insights,
critical
thinking
skills.
was
open
diverse
audience,
ranging
from
high
school
students
university-level
medical
biology
students,
well
early-career
researchers
faculty
members.
virtual
format
of
allowed
participants
enroll
join
in,
regardless
geographical
location,
which
fostered
scientific
exchange,
mentorship,
professional
networking.
success
this
paved
way
for
follow-up
events:
‘Azerbaijan
Advanced’,
‘International
Brain
Bee
Competition’,
Conference’
2024.
Science Advances,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
11(21)
Published: May 21, 2025
An
organism’s
survival
depends
on
its
ability
to
anticipate
forthcoming
events
and
detect
discrepancies
between
the
expected
actual
sensory
inputs.
We
analyzed
data
from
mice
performing
a
visual
go/no-go
change-detection
task
where
sequence
of
stimulus
presentations
was
intermittently
interrupted
by
omission
stimulus.
The
did
not
elicit
discernable
spiking
responses
in
cortical
neurons.
Instead,
firing
rates
image
presentations,
including
period,
ramped
linearly
without
interruption
at
time
omitted
image.
Several
neuron
types
cortex
neurons
were
identified
with
various
images
their
omissions.
A
minority
cells
nonvisual
areas,
hippocampus,
increased
onset
even
when
these
respond
images.
Our
study
elucidates
origin
sheds
light
role
hippocampal
subcortical
circuits
detection.
Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
54, P. 101324 - 101324
Published: Oct. 30, 2023
Prevalent
views
in
cognitive
neuroscience
have
highlighted
the
auditory
cortex
(AC)
as
major
neuroanatomical
site
for
cognition.
Yet,
this
view
suffers
from
'cortical
myopia'
it
neglects
intricate
functional
architecture
of
subcortical
pathway.
Here,
I
will
review
evidence
indicating
that
key
anatomical
structures
hierarchy,
such
inferior
colliculus
and
medial
geniculate
body,
play
roles
statistical
learning
predictive
processing,
thus
contributing
to
perception.
Furthermore,
mounting
supports
these
involved
neural
encoding
speech
sounds,
including
categorical
perception,
early
language
acquisition
when
AC
is
still
immature.
argue
a
brain
potential
known
frequency-following
response
provides
methodological
tool
map
high-level
operations
human
system.
Future
studies
should
emphasize
precise
interplay
between
cortical
supporting
The
brain
predicts
regularities
in
sensory
inputs
at
multiple
complexity
levels,
with
neuronal
mechanisms
that
remain
elusive.
Here,
we
monitored
auditory
cortex
activity
during
the
local-global
paradigm,
a
protocol
nesting
different
regularity
levels
sound
sequences.
We
observed
mice
encode
local
predictions
based
on
stimulus
occurrence
and
transition
probabilities,
because
responses
are
boosted
upon
prediction
violation.
This
boosting
was
due
to
both
short-term
adaptation
an
adaptation-independent
surprise
mechanism
resisting
anesthesia.
In
parallel,
only
wakefulness,
VIP
interneurons
responded
omission
of
locally
expected
repeat
sequence
ending,
thus
providing
chunking
signal
potentially
useful
for
establishing
global
structure.
When
this
structure
violated,
by
either
shortening
or
ending
it
but
globally
unexpected
transition,
slightly
increased
PV
neurons,
respectively.
Hence,
distinct
cellular
predict
