BioEssays,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
35(11), P. 965 - 973
Published: Sept. 20, 2013
Inflammatory
immune
cells,
when
activated,
display
much
the
same
metabolic
profile
as
a
glycolytic
tumor
cell.
This
involves
shift
in
metabolism
away
from
oxidative
phosphorylation
towards
aerobic
glycolysis,
phenomenon
known
Warburg
effect.
The
result
of
this
change
macrophages
is
to
rapidly
provide
ATP
and
intermediates
for
biosynthesis
inflammatory
proteins.
In
addition,
rise
certain
tricarboxylic
acid
cycle
occurs
notably
citrate
lipid
biosynthesis,
succinate,
which
activates
transcription
factor
Hypoxia‐inducible
factor.
review
we
take
look
at
emerging
evidence
role
effect
responses.
reprogramming
pathways
macrophages,
dendritic
T
cells
could
have
relevance
pathogenesis
diseases
might
novel
therapeutic
strategies.
Frontiers in Physiology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Jan. 29, 2020
Obesity
is
one
of
the
major
health
burdens
21st
century
as
it
contributes
to
growing
prevalence
its
related
comorbidities,
including
insulin
resistance
and
type
2
diabetes.
Overwhelming
evidence
suggests
a
critical
role
for
overnutrition
in
development
low-grade
inflammation.
Specifically,
chronic
inflammation
adipose
tissue
considered
crucial
risk
factor
diabetes
obese
individuals.
The
triggers
are
still
poorly
defined.
However,
obesity-induced
expansion
provides
plethora
intrinsic
signals
(e.g.,
adipocyte
death,
hypoxia,
mechanical
stress)
capable
initiating
inflammatory
response.
Immune
dysregulation
subjects
results
characterized
by
increased
infiltration
activation
innate
adaptive
immune
cells.
Macrophages
most
abundant
cells
infiltrating
accumulating
into
individuals;
they
constitute
up
40%
all
obesity.
In
obesity,
macrophages
polarized
pro-inflammatory
M1
secrete
many
cytokines
impairing
signaling;
therefore,
promoting
progression
resistance.
Besides
macrophages,
other
dendritic
cells,
mast
neutrophils,
B
T
cells)
reside
during
playing
key
association
inflammation,
metabolic
diseases
makes
pathways
an
appealing
target
treatment
obesity-related
complications.
this
review,
we
summarize
molecular
mechanisms
responsible
toward
obesity-associated
comorbidities
highlight
current
therapeutic
strategies.
Experimental & Molecular Medicine,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
48(4), P. e224 - e224
Published: April 1, 2016
AMP-activated
protein
kinase
(AMPK)
is
a
central
regulator
of
energy
homeostasis,
which
coordinates
metabolic
pathways
and
thus
balances
nutrient
supply
with
demand.
Because
the
favorable
physiological
outcomes
AMPK
activation
on
metabolism,
has
been
considered
to
be
an
important
therapeutic
target
for
controlling
human
diseases
including
syndrome
cancer.
Thus,
activators
may
have
potential
as
novel
therapeutics
these
diseases.
In
this
review,
we
provide
comprehensive
summary
both
indirect
direct
their
modes
action
in
relation
structure
AMPK.
We
discuss
functional
differences
among
isoform-specific
complexes
significance
regarding
development
combining
different
treatment
disease.
An
enzyme
key
role
metabolism
could
offer
drugs
treat
obesity,
type
2
diabetes
The
(AMP-activated
kinase)
crucial
regulating
cells,
thought
protecting
against
several
Joohun
Ha
colleagues
at
Kyung
Hee
University,
Seoul,
reviewed
research
into
agents
designed
activate
assess
feasibility
drugs.
researchers
suggest
that
are
potentially
useful
conditions
such
Combining
clinical
contexts
might
optimal
treatment.
They
conclude
more
needed
determine
precise
mechanisms
thereby
optimize
strategies.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
4(1)
Published: Dec. 19, 2013
Abstract
AMP-activated
protein
kinase
(AMPK)
plays
a
major
role
in
regulating
cellular
energy
balance
by
sensing
and
responding
to
increases
AMP/ADP
concentration
relative
ATP.
Binding
of
AMP
causes
allosteric
activation
the
enzyme
binding
either
or
ADP
promotes
maintains
phosphorylation
threonine
172
within
loop
kinase.
AMPK
has
attracted
widespread
interest
as
potential
therapeutic
target
for
metabolic
diseases
including
type
2
diabetes
and,
more
recently,
cancer.
A
number
direct
activators
have
been
reported
having
beneficial
effects
treating
diseases,
but
there
no
structural
basis
activator
AMPK.
Here
we
present
crystal
structure
human
complex
with
small
molecule
that
binds
at
site
between
domain
carbohydrate-binding
module,
stabilising
interaction
these
two
components.
The
nature
activator-binding
pocket
suggests
involvement
an
additional,
yet
unidentified,
metabolite
physiological
regulation
Importantly,
offers
new
opportunities
design
treatment
disorders.
