The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 81(4)

Published: Nov. 8, 2017

SUMMARY The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize neonatal immediately following birth. establishment and interactive development of this early are believed to be (at least partially) driven modulated by specific compounds present milk. It has been shown that certain genomes infant commensals, particular those bifidobacterial species, genetically adapted utilize glycans secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example host-microbe coevolution, where both partners benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried dissect composition functionality microbiome explore distribution across different ecological niches biogeography corresponding microbial consortia, including bacteria viruses, healthy ill subjects. Such analyses linked features microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, intestinal illnesses infants disease states manifested at later stages life, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders. Thus, growing number reported on how composition/development may affect risk factors related adult conditions. This concept fueled strategies shape based functional food products. review, we describe microbiota, mechanisms drive its consortia molded natural artificial interventions. Finally, discuss relevance key players bifidobacteria, with respect their role disease.

Language: Английский

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Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 562(7728), P. 583 - 588

Published: Oct. 1, 2018

The development of the microbiome from infancy to childhood is dependent on a range factors, with microbial–immune crosstalk during this time thought be involved in pathobiology later life diseases1–9 such as persistent islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes10–12. However, our knowledge, no studies have performed extensive characterization early large, multi-centre population. Here we analyse longitudinal stool samples 903 children between 3 46 months age by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (n = 12,005) metagenomic 10,867), part Environmental Determinants Diabetes Young (TEDDY) study. We show that developing gut undergoes three distinct phases progression: developmental phase (months 3–14), transitional 15–30), stable 31–46). Receipt breast milk, either exclusive or partial, was most significant factor associated structure. Breastfeeding higher levels Bifidobacterium species (B. breve B. bifidum), cessation milk resulted faster maturation microbiome, marked phylum Firmicutes. Birth mode also significantly phase, driven Bacteroides (particularly fragilis) infants delivered vaginally. increased diversity maturation, regardless birth mode. factors including geographical location household exposures (such siblings furry pets) represented important covariates. A nested case–control analysis revealed subtle associations microbial taxonomy diabetes. These data determine structural functional assembly provide foundation for targeted mechanistic investigation into consequences long-term health. Metagenomic TEDDY study shows breastfeeding structure, microbiome.

Language: Английский

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A critical assessment of the “sterile womb” and “in utero colonization” hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: April 28, 2017

After more than a century of active research, the notion that human fetal environment is sterile and neonate's microbiome acquired during after birth was an accepted dogma. However, recent studies using molecular techniques suggest bacterial communities in placenta, amniotic fluid, meconium from healthy pregnancies. These findings have led many scientists to challenge "sterile womb paradigm" propose acquisition instead begins utero, idea would fundamentally change our understanding gut microbiota its role development. In this review, we provide critical assessment evidence supporting these two opposing hypotheses, specifically as it relates (i) anatomical, immunological, physiological characteristics placenta fetus; (ii) research methods currently used study microbial populations intrauterine environment; (iii) fecal first days life; (iv) generation axenic animals humans. Based on analysis, argue support "in utero colonization hypothesis" extremely weak founded almost entirely approaches with insufficient detection limit "low-biomass" populations, lacked appropriate controls for contamination, failed viability. Most importantly, ability reliably derive via cesarean sections strongly supports sterility mammals. We conclude current scientific does not existence microbiomes within milieu, which has implications development clinical practices prevent perturbations establishment future priorities.

Language: Английский

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Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 314 - 326

Published: Jan. 23, 2017

Language: Английский

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Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and stability

Science Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 8(343)

Published: June 15, 2016

The gut microbial community is dynamic during the first 3 years of life, before stabilizing to an adult-like state. However, little known about impact environmental factors on developing human microbiome. We report a longitudinal study microbiome based DNA sequence analysis monthly stool samples and clinical information from 39 children, half whom received multiple courses antibiotics life. Whereas most children born by vaginal delivery was dominated Bacteroides species, four cesarean section 20% vaginally lacked in 6 18 months Longitudinal sampling, coupled with whole-genome shotgun sequencing, allowed detection strain-level variation as well abundance antibiotic resistance genes. microbiota antibiotic-treated less diverse terms both bacterial species strains, some often single strains. In addition, we observed short-term composition changes between consecutive treated antibiotics. Antibiotic genes carried chromosomes showed peak after treatment followed sharp decline, whereas mobile elements persisted longer therapy ended. Our results highlight value high-density sampling studies high-resolution strain profiling for studying establishment response perturbation infant

Language: Английский

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The evolution of the host microbiome as an ecosystem on a leash

Nature, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 548(7665), P. 43 - 51

Published: Aug. 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth

Nature, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 574(7776), P. 117 - 121

Published: Sept. 18, 2019

Language: Английский

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Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases

Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 154(2), P. 204 - 219

Published: March 7, 2018

Neurodegenerative diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and disability, are gaining increased attention as they impose a considerable socioeconomic impact, due in part to ageing community. Neuronal damage is pathological hallmark Alzheimer's Parkinson's amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia multiple although such also observed following neurotropic viral infections, stroke, genetic white matter diseases paraneoplastic disorders. Despite different aetiologies, for example, mutations, trauma protein aggregations, neuronal frequently associated with chronic activation an innate immune response CNS. The growing awareness that system inextricably involved shaping brain during development well mediating damage, but regeneration repair, has stimulated therapeutic approaches modulate neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review current understanding how astrocytes microglia, neurons oligodendrocytes, shape neuroimmune development, aberrant responses arise or environmental triggers may predispose CNS We discuss known interactions between peripheral brain, concepts on cells enter leave A better disease will be key further manipulating these effective therapies improve quality life, reduce impact neuroinflammatory degenerative

Language: Английский

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Management ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report

Gut, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 71(9), P. 1724 - 1762

Published: Aug. 8, 2022

Helicobacter pylori Infection is formally recognised as an infectious disease, entity that now included in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. This principle leads to recommendation all infected patients should receive treatment. In context wide clinical spectrum associated with gastritis, specific issues persist and require regular updates for optimised management. The identification distinct scenarios, proper testing adoption effective strategies prevention gastric cancer other complications are addressed. H. treatment challenged by continuously rising antibiotic resistance demands susceptibility consideration novel molecular technologies careful selection first line rescue therapies. role therapies their impact on gut microbiota also considered. Progress made management infection covered present sixth edition Maastricht/Florence 2021 Consensus Report, key aspects related were re-evaluated updated. Forty-one experts from 29 countries representing a global community, examined new data five working groups: (1) indications/associations, (2) diagnosis, (3) treatment, (4) prevention/gastric (5) microbiota. results individual groups presented final consensus voting participants. Recommendations provided basis best available evidence relevance various fields.

Language: Английский

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