How bacterial pathogens colonize their hosts and invade deeper tissues

Microbes and Infection, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 173 - 183

Published: Jan. 29, 2015

Bacterial pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to colonize and invade human organs, despite the presence multiple host defense mechanisms. In this review, we will describe how pathogenic bacteria can adhere multiply at surface cells, some enter proliferate inside these finally may cross epithelial or endothelial barriers get access internal tissues, leading severe diseases in humans.

Language: Английский

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The reduced genomes of Parcubacteria (OD1) contain signatures of a symbiotic lifestyle

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: July 21, 2015

Candidate phylum OD1 bacteria (also referred to as Parcubacteria) have been identified in a broad range of anoxic environments through community survey analysis. Although none these species isolated the laboratory, several genome sequences reconstructed from metagenomic sequence data and single-cell sequencing. The organisms small (generally <1 Mb) genomes with severely reduced metabolic capabilities. We 8 partial near-complete oxic groundwater samples, compared them against existing genomic data. conserved core gene set comprises 202 genes, or ~28% complement. "Housekeeping" genes for biosynthesis peptidoglycan Type IV pilus production are conserved. Gene sets cofactors, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids absent entirely greatly reduced. only aspects energy metabolism non-oxidative branch pentose-phosphate shunt central glycolysis. These also lack some activities almost all other known bacterial genomes, including signal recognition particle, pseudouridine synthase A, FAD synthase. Pan-genome analysis indicates genotypic diversity perhaps highly fluid complement, indicating historical adaptation wide growth high degree specialization. were examined signatures suggesting either free-living, streamlined lifestyle, symbiotic lifestyle. biosynthetic capabilities DNA repair, along presence potential attachment adhesion proteins suggest that Parcubacteria ectosymbionts parasites organisms. potentially mediate cell-cell contact suggests partner/prey across phylum.

Language: Английский

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A comprehensive guide to pilus biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 365 - 379

Published: May 12, 2017

Language: Английский

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Exceptionally widespread nanomachines composed of type IV pilins: the prokaryotic Swiss Army knives

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 39(1), P. 134 - 154

Published: Nov. 26, 2014

Prokaryotes have engineered sophisticated surface nanomachines that allowed them to colonize Earth and thrive even in extreme environments. Filamentous machineries composed of type IV pilins, which are associated with an amazing array properties ranging from motility electric conductance, arguably the most widespread since distinctive proteins dedicated their biogenesis found known species prokaryotes. Several decades investigations, starting pili then a variety related systems both bacteria archaea, outlined common molecular structural bases for these nanomachines. Using as paradigm, we will highlight this review aspects key biological differences group filamentous structures.

Language: Английский

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Metal-Based Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Molecules, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 22(8), P. 1370 - 1370

Published: Aug. 18, 2017

Infectious diseases can be transmitted and they cause a significant burden on public health globally. They are the greatest world killers it is estimated that responsible for demise of over 17 million people annually. The impact these greater in developing countries. People with compromised immune systems children most affected. may caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa. treatment infectious hampered simultaneous resistance to multiple drugs, indicating there serious pressing need develop new therapeutics overcome drug resistance. This review will focus recent reports metal-based nanoparticles potential their biological efficacy (in vitro vivo).

Language: Английский

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Virulence reduction in bacteriophage resistant bacteria

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 06

Published: April 23, 2015

Bacteriophages can influence the abundance, diversity and evolution of bacterial communities. Several bacteriophages have been reported to add virulence factors their host increase virulence. However, lytic also exert a selective pressure allowing proliferation strains with reduced This reduction be explained because use structures present on surface as receptors, which in different species. Therefore, modifications these receptors will resistant bacteriophage infection may exhibit mini-review summarizes reports bacteriophage-resistant reductions virulence, it discusses potential consequences phage therapy select attenuated for vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of DNA Uptake by Naturally Competent Bacteria

Annual Review of Genetics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 53(1), P. 217 - 237

Published: Aug. 21, 2019

Transformation is a widespread mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. DNA uptake to the periplasmic compartment requires DNA-uptake pilus and DNA-binding protein ComEA. In gram-negative bacteria, first pulled toward outer membrane by retraction then taken up binding ComEA, acting as Brownian ratchet prevent backward diffusion. A similar probably operates gram-positive bacteria well, but these systems have been less well characterized. Transport, defined movement single strand transforming cytosol, channel ComEC. Although understood about this process, it may be driven proton symport. review we also describe various phenomena that are coordinated with expression competence for transformation, such fratricide, kin-discriminatory killing neighboring cells, competence-mediated growth arrest.

Language: Английский

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Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens

Virulence, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 723 - 753

Published: April 12, 2021

Clostridium perfringens is an extremely versatile pathogen of humans and livestock, causing wound infections like gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), enteritis/enterocolitis (including one the most common human food-borne illnesses), enterotoxemia (where toxins produced in intestine are absorbed damage distant organs such as brain). The virulence this Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobe largely attributable to its copious toxin production; diverse actions roles infection these now becoming established. Most C. genes encoded on conjugative plasmids, including pCW3-like recently discovered pCP13-like plasmid families. Production highly regulated via processes involving two-component regulatory systems, quorum sensing and/or sporulation-related alternative sigma factors. Non-toxin factors, degradative enzymes sialidases, also being implicated pathogenicity bacterium. These factors can promote action vitro and, perhaps vivo, enhance intestinal colonization, e.g. NanI sialidase increases adherence tissue generates nutrients for growth, at least vitro. possible contributions many other adhesins, capsule biofilms, await future study.

Language: Английский

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Cyclic Di-GMP Riboswitch-Regulated Type IV Pili Contribute to Aggregation of Clostridium difficile

Journal of Bacteriology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 197(5), P. 819 - 832

Published: Dec. 16, 2014

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that causes intestinal infections with symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) a bacterial second messenger typically regulates the switch motile, free-living sessile and multicellular behaviors in Gram-negative bacteria. Increased intracellular c-di-GMP concentration C. was recently shown reduce flagellar motility increase cell aggregation. In this work, we investigated role of primary type IV pilus (T4P) locus c-di-GMP-dependent Inactivation two T4P genes, pilA1 (CD3513) pilB1 (CD3512), abolished formation significantly reduced aggregation under high conditions. preceded by putative riboswitch, predicted be transcriptionally active upon binding. Consistent our prediction, increased transcript levels genes. addition, single-round vitro transcription assays confirmed downstream terminator dose dependent specific binding riboswitch aptamer. These results support model which gene upregulated as result its upstream activating promoting .

Language: Английский

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The distinction of CPR bacteria from other bacteria based on protein family content

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Sept. 13, 2019

Abstract Candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacteria separate phylogenetically from other bacteria, but the organismal distribution of their protein families remains unclear. Here, we leveraged sequences thousands uncultivated organisms and identified that co-occur in genomes, thus are likely foundational for lineage capacities. Protein family presence/absence patterns cluster CPR together, away all archaea, partly due to proteins without recognizable homology bacteria. Some involved cell-cell interactions potentially important episymbiotic lifestyles. The diversity combinations may exceed Over bacterial tree, broadly recapitulate phylogenetic structure, suggesting persistence core sets since divergence. could have arisen an episode dramatic heterogeneous genome reduction or a protogenote community co-evolved with

Language: Английский

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