Annual Research Review: Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women: underrepresentation, longitudinal processes, and key directions

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 63(4), P. 484 - 496

Published: July 6, 2021

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – and its underlying behavioral dimensions of inattention hyperactivity–impulsivity have been understudied in females. We first cover the conceptual issues prevalence, diagnostic practices, diversity, comorbidity, causal factors, plus forces limiting awareness ADHD After a narrative review cross‐sectional longitudinal findings, we conclude following. (a) Girls meet criteria for at just under half rates boys, ratio that becomes much closer to equal by adulthood. (b) women with show predominance associated internalizing problems; boys men display greater levels hyperactive–impulsive symptoms externalizing problems. (c) Sex differences related outcomes depend heavily on clinical versus nonreferred nature samples investigation. (d) Females experience, average, serious impairments, particularly heightened risk problems close relationships engagement self‐harm. (e) Clinicians may overlook impairments females because less overt (but still impairing) symptom manifestations girls their frequent adoption compensatory strategies. Our predictors mediators adult highlights potential heterotypically continuous pathways childhood developmental progressions self‐harm, intimate partner violence, unplanned pregnancy, comorbid psychopathology. Focusing is necessary characterize maintaining mechanisms accuracy foster responsive interventions, as highlighted our closing list implications research priorities.

Language: Английский

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Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science – from characterization to cause

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 64(4), P. 506 - 532

Published: Oct. 11, 2022

The science of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is motivated by a translational goal – the discovery and exploitation knowledge about nature ADHD to benefit those individuals whose lives it affects. Over past fifty years, scientific research has made enormous strides in characterizing condition understanding its correlates causes. However, translation these insights into clinical benefits been limited. In this review, we provide selective focused survey field ADHD, providing our personal perspectives on what constitutes consensus, important new leads be highlighted, key outstanding questions addressed going forward. We cover two broad domains characterization and, risk factors, causal processes neuro‐biological pathways . Part one focuses developmental course co‐occurring characteristics conditions, functional impact living with including impairment, quality life, stigma. part two, explore genetic environmental influences putative mediating brain processes. final section, reflect future construct light cross‐cutting themes recent conceptual reformulations that cast traits as broader spectrum neurodivergence.

Language: Английский

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Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: The Science of Early-Life Precursors and Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 61(2), P. 187 - 226

Published: April 21, 2021

Language: Английский

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Considerations toward an epigenetic and common pathways theory of mental disorder.

Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 132(3), P. 297 - 313

Published: April 1, 2023

Psychopathology emerges from the dynamic interplay of physiological and mental processes ecological context. It can be seen as a failure recursive, homeostatic to achieve adaptive re-equilibrium. This general statement actualized with consideration polygenic liability, early exposures, multiunit (multi-"level") analysis psychological action associated neural operations, all in context developmental exposome. article begins by identifying key principles clarifying terms necessary disorder theory. then ventures sketch model that highlights epigenetic dynamics proposes common pathways hypothesis toward psychopathology. An perspective elevates importance systems, particularly life, while opening door new mechanistic discovery. The proposal is finite number biological mechanisms are shared across most risky environments (and possibly many genetic liabilities) for Perturbation these mediating leads development A focus on changes multiple units time points render problem explaining psychopathology tractable. Key questions include mapping recursive over time, at adequate density, disorders unfold development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, rights reserved).

Language: Английский

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A Potential Role for Neuroinflammation in ADHD

Advances in experimental medicine and biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 327 - 356

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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Where do neurodevelopmental conditions fit in transdiagnostic psychiatric frameworks? Incorporating a new neurodevelopmental spectrum

World Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 333 - 357

Published: Sept. 16, 2024

Features of autism spectrum disorder, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity learning disorders, intellectual disabilities, and communication motor disorders usually emerge early in life are associated with atypical neurodevelopment. These “neurodevelopmental conditions” grouped together the DSM‐5 ICD‐11 to reflect their shared characteristics. Yet, reliance on categorical diagnoses poses significant challenges both research clinical settings (e.g., high co‐occurrence, arbitrary diagnostic boundaries, within‐disorder heterogeneity). Taking a transdiagnostic dimensional approach provides useful alternative for addressing these limitations, accounting underpinnings across neurodevelopmental conditions, characterizing common co‐occurrence developmental continuity other psychiatric conditions. Neurodevelopmental features have not been adequately considered frameworks, although this would fundamental implications practices. Growing evidence from studies structure conditions indicates that cluster together, delineating spectrum” ranging normative impairing profiles. Studies genetic underpinnings, overlapping cognitive neural profiles, similar course efficacy support/treatment strategies indicate validity spectrum. Further, alongside dimensions has utility, as it fuller view an individual's needs strengths, greater prognostic utility than categories. Based compelling body evidence, we argue incorporating new into frameworks considerable potential transforming our understanding, classification, assessment, practices around

Language: Английский

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Annual Research Review: ‘There, the dance is – at the still point of the turning world’ – dynamic systems perspectives on coregulation and dysregulation during early development

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 65(4), P. 481 - 507

Published: Feb. 23, 2024

During development we transition from coregulation (where regulatory processes are shared between child and caregiver) to self‐regulation. Most early coregulatory interactions aim manage fluctuations in the infant's arousal alertness; but over time, become progressively elaborated encompass other functions such as sociocommunicative development, attention executive control. The fundamental of is help maintain an optimal ‘critical state’ hypo‐ hyperactivity. Here, present a dynamic framework for understanding child–caregiver context psychopathology. Early involve both passive entrainment, through which child's state entrains caregiver's, active contingent responsiveness, caregiver changes their behaviour response behaviours child. Similar principles, interactive asymmetric contingency, drive joint maintenance epistemic states well arousal/alertness, emotion regulation development. We describe three ways can develop atypically, conditions Autism, ADHD, anxiety depression. most well‐known these insufficient leading reduced synchrony, has been shown across range modalities different disorders, target current interventions. also evidence that excessive responsiveness synchrony some circumstances. And show positive feedback develop, mutually amplificatory further critical state. discuss implications findings future intervention research, directions work.

Language: Английский

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Manganese in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The state of the art

Current Research in Toxicology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6, P. 100170 - 100170

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

The objective of the present narrative review was to synthesize existing clinical and epidemiological findings linking manganese (Mn) exposure biomarkers autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD), discuss key pathophysiological mechanisms neurodevelopmental disorders that may be affected by this metal. Existing data demonstrated both direct inverse association between Mn body burden ASD, or lack any relationship. In contrast, majority studies revealed significantly higher levels in subjects with ADHD, as well relationship inattention scores children, although several reported contradictory results. laboratory impaired animals following associated dopaminergic dysfunction neuroinflammation. Despite evidence on Mn-induced neurobiological alterations patients ASD a plethora neurotoxic effects overexposure interfere pathogenesis inherent these disorders. Specifically, overload shown impair not only neurotransmission, but also affect metabolism glutamine/glutamate, GABA, serotonin, noradrenaline, thus affecting neuronal signaling. turn, its ability induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and/or neurogenesis. Nonetheless, additional detailed are required evaluate environmental at wide range concentrations estimate potential dose-dependent effects, genetic factors association.

Language: Английский

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Validation of L-type calcium channel blocker amlodipine as a novel ADHD treatment through cross-species analysis, drug-target Mendelian randomization, and clinical evidence from medical records

Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 14, 2025

Language: Английский

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Reduced temporal and spatial stability of neural activity patterns predict cognitive control deficits in children with ADHD

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: March 8, 2025

Abstract This study investigates the neural underpinnings of cognitive control deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on trial-level variability coding. Using fMRI, we apply a computational approach to single-trial decoding cued stop-signal task, probing proactive and reactive within dual model. Reactive involves suppressing an automatic response when interference is detected, implementing preparatory strategies based prior information. In contrast typically developing children (TD), with ADHD show disrupted coding during both control, characterized by increased temporal diminished spatial stability responses salience frontal-parietal network regions. correlates fluctuating task performance symptoms. Additionally, exhibit more heterogeneous patterns across individuals compared TD children. Our findings underscore significance modeling trial-wise understanding ADHD.

Language: Английский

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