Epistasis and Adaptation on Fitness Landscapes

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 53(1), P. 457 - 479

Published: Sept. 14, 2022

Epistasis occurs when the effect of a mutation depends on its carrier's genetic background. Despite increasing evidence that epistasis for fitness is common, role during evolution contentious. Fitness landscapes, which are mappings genotype or phenotype to fitness, capture full extent and complexity epistasis. landscape theory has shown how affects course outcome evolution. Moreover, by measuring competitive sets tens thousands connected genotypes, empirical landscapes have frequent measure, choice mutations landscape, environment in it was measured. In this article, I review experiments their implications adaptation. discuss theoretical expectations light highlight open challenges future directions toward integrating data incorporating ecological factors.

Language: Английский

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Evolvability and trait function predict phenotypic divergence of plant populations

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 120(1)

Published: Dec. 29, 2022

Understanding the causes and limits of population divergence in phenotypic traits is a fundamental aim evolutionary biology, with potential to yield predictions adaptation environmental change. Reciprocal transplant experiments evaluation optimality models suggest that local common but not universal, some studies trait highly constrained by genetic variances covariances complex phenotypes. We analyze large database plants evaluate whether scales positively standing variation within populations (evolvability), as expected if constraints are evolutionarily important. further differences evolvability–divergence relationships between reproductive vegetative selfing, mixed-mating, outcrossing species, these factors influence both patterns selection potentials. Evolutionary scaled evolvability. Furthermore, was greater for than floral (reproductive) traits, largely independent mating system. Jointly, explained ~40% variance divergence. The consistency across diverse species suggests substantial predictability results also consistent playing role

Language: Английский

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The Evolution of Evolvability

The MIT Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 121 - 146

Published: June 27, 2023

The evolution of evolvability became a topic in the 1990s, and since then, it has progressed from controversies about its radical or conventional nature to mature research program with hypotheses motivated evolutionary theory theoretical population ge ne tics.Evolvability is an outcome variety organismal traits, evolves along these traits.In this chapter, we first review basis for main modes evolvability, including adaptation at vari ous levels; contingent based on indirect, canalizing, congruent se lection; neutral evolution, systems drift.We then pre sent overview properties that may influence provide some selected reviews their pos si ble evolution.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of the polycrisis: Anthropocene traps that challenge global sustainability

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 379(1893)

Published: Nov. 13, 2023

The Anthropocene is characterized by accelerating change and global challenges of increasing complexity. Inspired what some have called a polycrisis, we explore whether the human trajectory complexity influence on Earth system could become form trap for humanity. Based an adaptation evolutionary traps concept to context, present results from participatory mapping. We identify 14 categorize them as either global, technology or structural traps. An assessment reveals that 12 (86%) be in advanced phase trapping with high risk hard-to-reverse lock-ins growing risks negative impacts well-being. Ten (71%) currently see trends their indicators. Revealing systemic nature assess often interact reinforcingly (45% pairwise interactions), rarely dampening fashion (3%). end discussing capacities will important navigating these pursuit sustainability. Doing so, introduce evolvability unifying such research between sustainability sciences. This article part theme issue 'Evolution sustainability: gathering strands synthesis'.

Language: Английский

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Characterizing the landscape of gene expression variance in humans

PLoS Genetics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(7), P. e1010833 - e1010833

Published: July 6, 2023

Gene expression variance has been linked to organismal function and fitness but remains a commonly neglected aspect of molecular research. As result, we lack comprehensive understanding the patterns transcriptional across genes, how this is context-specific gene regulation function. Here, use 57 large publicly available RNA-seq data sets investigate landscape variance. These studies cover wide range tissues allowed us assess if there are consistently more or less variable genes what mechanisms drive these patterns. We show that broadly similar studies, indicating pattern consistent. similarity create both global within-tissue rankings variation, which function, sequence regulatory signatures contribute Low-variance associated with fundamental cell processes have lower levels genetic polymorphisms, higher gene-gene connectivity, tend be chromatin states transcription. In contrast, high-variance enriched for involved in immune response, environmentally responsive immediate early polymorphisms. results not noise. Instead, it consistent trait seems functionally constrained human populations. Furthermore, phenotypic variation harbors important information understand complex traits disease.

Language: Английский

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Understanding natural selection and similarity: Convergent, parallel and repeated evolution

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 32(20), P. 5451 - 5462

Published: Sept. 19, 2023

Parallel and convergent evolution offer some of the most compelling evidence for significance natural selection in evolution, as emergence similar adaptive solutions is unlikely to occur by random chance alone. However, these terms are often employed inconsistently, leading misinterpretation confusion, recently proposed definitions have unintentionally diminished emphasis on solutions. Here, I examine various conceptual frameworks related parallel propose a consolidated framework that enhances our comprehension evolutionary patterns. The primary aim this harmonize concepts together with idea similarity. Both involve result environmental challenges. distinction lies ancestral phenotypes. takes place when phenotypes (before selection) lineages similar. Convergent happens distinct selection). Because an ancestral-based will inevitably lead cases where uncertainty may arise, includes general term, repeated which can be used term applying genotypes well responses pressures. Based argument genetic similarity frequently arise without selection, posits sequences not great interest unless linked actions or origins (mutation, standing variation, gene flow) locations sequences.Os casos de evolução paralela e convergente apresentam-se como provas convincentes da relevância selecção no processo evolutivo, já que é improvável soluções adaptativas semelhantes evoluam apenas por acaso. No entanto, estes dois termos são utilizados frequentemente forma inconsistente definições recentemente propostas diminuíram involuntariamente ênfase na semelhantes. Nesta contribuição, examino os quadros conceptuais relacionadas com proponho um quadro consolidado aumenta compreensão destes padrões evolutivos. O objectivo desta contribuição harmonizar conceitos juntamente similaridade. Ambos implicam resultado pressões evolutivas. A distinção reside nos fenótipos ancestrais: ocorre quando ancestrais (antes selecção) das linhagens eram acontece tinham distintos selecção). Dado uma baseada ancestralidade caracteres levará, inevitavelmente, em incerteza pode surgir, sugiro inclusão termo geral: repetida, ser aplicado à genótipos semelhantes, assim respostas ambientais. Com base argumentação similaridade genética surgir sem selecção, eu postulo similitude sequências genéticas não grande interesse, menos esteja relacionada às ações ou origens (mutação, variação existente, fluxo génico) localizações semelhantes.La evolución y ofrecen algunas las pruebas más contundentes la importancia selección en evolución, ya es improbable emergencia soluciones similares se produzca únicamente casualidad. Sin embargo, estos términos emplean menudo inconsistente, lo lugar interpretaciones erróneas confusión. Además, definiciones recientemente propuestas han restado importancia, involuntariamente, similares. En este artículo, diversos marcos conceptuales con convergente, propongo un marco mejora nuestra comprensión patrones El objetivo principal armonizar los conceptos similitud. implican presiones La distinción radica fenotipos ancestrales: ocurre cuando ancestrales selección) linajes eran produce lijanes tenían selección). una basada ancestralidad conducirá inevitablemente puede incertidumbre distinción, el incluye término general: utilizarse laxo aplicable genotipos similares, así respuestas ambientales. Basándose argumento similitud frecuentemente sin selección, postula secuencias gran interés esté vinculada acciones o orígenes (mutación, variación flujo genético) ubicaciones

Language: Английский

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Phenotypic selection in natural populations: what have we learned in 40 years?

Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 77(7), P. 1493 - 1504

Published: April 27, 2023

In 1983, Russell Lande and Stevan Arnold published "The measurement of selection on correlated characters," which became a highly influential citation classic in evolutionary biology. This paper stimulated cottage industry field studies natural sexual nature resulted several large-scale meta-analyses, statistical developments, method papers. The tools they suggested contributed to breakdown the traditional dichotomy between ecological time scales later developments such as "eco-evolutionary dynamics". However, regression-based analyses also criticized from philosophical, methodological, viewpoints some still ongoing debates about causality Here I return this landmark by Arnold, analyze controversies it gave rise discuss past, present, future populations. A remaining legacy & 1983 is that inheritance can fruitfully be decoupled studied separately, since acts phenotypes regardless their genetic basis, hence responses are distinct processes.

Language: Английский

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Three modes of evolution? Remarks on rates of evolution and time scaling

Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(12), P. 1523 - 1537

Published: June 1, 2024

Abstract Rates of evolution get smaller when they are measured over longer time intervals. As first shown by Gingerich, rates morphological change from fossil series show a robust minus-one scaling with span, implying that evolutionary changes just as large hundred years hundred-thousand years. On even scales, however, the shifts toward minus-half exponent consistent behaving Brownian motion, commonly observed in phylogenetic comparative studies. Here, I discuss how such patterns arise, and derive expected standard stochastic models evolution. argue cannot be easily explained simple univariate models, but require mode scale is changing. To illustrate this idea, present hypothesis about three distinct, connected, modes analyze predicted this, use results to should interpreted. distinct at different scales act decouple micro- macroevolution, criticize various attempts extrapolating one other.

Language: Английский

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Understanding niche construction and phenotypic plasticity as causes of natural selection

Palaeontology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 67(4)

Published: July 1, 2024

Abstract For many evolutionary biologists, fitness differences cause trait frequency changes in populations, and natural selection explains the evolution of adaptations. Treating as a cause, however, is more scientific convention rather than decree, analyses causes potentially afford richer explanations. Unfortunately, historical assumptions that complexities development leave origins phenotypic variation unpredictable, ecological processes are idiosyncratic, have hindered detailed analysis developmental bases selection. A poorly appreciated consequence explanations reliant on mask particular causal patterns important evolution. Here, using examples environmental modification regulation by organisms (‘niche construction’, a.k.a. ‘ecosystem engineering’), plastic responses to conditions (‘phenotypic plasticity’), I will highlight how activities create biases co‐determine nature response selection, an often surprisingly well‐regulated manner. Niche construction exposed generating axes covariation with plastically expressed morphological traits. Taxonomically shared mechanisms aggregate across populations generate statistical regularities easy miss because not currently central study Recent theory experiments suggest develop what do strengthen relationship between key traits fitness, thereby part‐determining characteristics The findings implications for understanding parallel evolution, macroevolutionary trends evolvability.

Language: Английский

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Evolvability and Macroevolution: Overview and Synthesis

Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 49(3), P. 265 - 291

Published: July 7, 2022

Abstract Evolvability is best addressed from a multi-level, macroevolutionary perspective through comparative approach that tests for among-clade differences in phenotypic diversification response to an opportunity, such as encountered after mass extinction, entering new adaptive zone, or geographic area. Analyzing the dynamics of clades under similar environmental conditions can (partially) factor out shared external drivers recognize intrinsic evolvability, aiming analog common-garden experiment. Analyses will be most powerful when integrating neontological and paleontological data: determining among extant populations hypothesized generate large-scale, long-term contrasts evolvability clades; observing large-scale clade histories by reflect genetics development observed directly populations. However, many analyses informative on their own, explored this overview. Differences clade-level visualized diversity-disparity plots, which quantify positive negative departures productivity stochastic expectations scaled taxonomic diversification. Factors evidently promote include modularity—when selection aligns with modular structure morphological integration patterns; pronounced ontogenetic changes morphology, allometry multiphase life cycles; genome size; variety evolutionary novelties, also evaluated using lags between acquisition trait diversification, dead-clade-walking patterns may signal loss extrinsic factors excluded. High speciation rates indirectly foster vice versa. Mechanisms are controversial, but higher Cambrian, possibly early history at other times; tropics; and, marine organisms, shallow-water disturbed habitats.

Language: Английский

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