The Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability

Cells, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. 1909 - 1909

Published: Aug. 17, 2020

The intestinal barrier is essential in human health and constitutes the interface between outside internal milieu of body. A functional allows absorption nutrients fluids but simultaneously prevents harmful substances like toxins bacteria from crossing epithelium reaching An altered permeability, a sign perturbed function, has during last decade been associated with several chronic conditions, including diseases originating gastrointestinal tract also such as Alzheimer Parkinson disease. This led to an intensified interest researchers diverse backgrounds perform studies different conditions. Intestinal permeability defined passage solute through simple membrane can be measured by recording markers over via paracellular or transcellular route. methodological tools investigate gut function are rapidly expanding new approaches being developed. Here we outline discuss, vivo, vitro ex vivo techniques how these methods utilized for thorough investigation barrier.

Language: Английский

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Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human cardiogenesis

Cell, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 184(12), P. 3299 - 3317.e22

Published: May 20, 2021

Language: Английский

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Organoid and Spheroid Tumor Models: Techniques and Applications

Cancers, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 874 - 874

Published: Feb. 19, 2021

Techniques to develop three-dimensional cell culture models are rapidly expanding bridge the gap between conventional and animal models. Organoid spheroid cultures have distinct overlapping purposes differ in cellular sources protocol for establishment. Spheroids of lower complexity structurally but simple popular drug screening. Organoids histologically genetically resemble original tumor from which they were derived. Ease generation, ability long-term cryopreservation make organoids suitable a wide range applications. Organoids-on-chip combine organoid methods with powerful designing fabrication micro-chip technology. Organoid-chip can emulate dynamic microenvironment pathophysiology as well tissue–tissue interactions. In this review, we outline different techniques establish them. We also discuss recent advances applications an emphasis on modeling, screening, personalized medicine immunotherapy.

Language: Английский

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Human organoids in basic research and clinical applications

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: May 24, 2022

Abstract Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniature structures cultured in vitro produced from either human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) or adult (AdSCs) derived healthy individuals patients that recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, structure, and functions of organs. The advent 3D organoid systems is now possible to allow remarkably detailed observation cell morphogens, maintenance differentiation resemble primary tissues, enhancing potential study both physiology developmental stage. As they similar their original organs carry genetic information, organoids patient hold great promise for biomedical research preclinical drug testing currently used personalized, regenerative medicine, gene repair transplantation therapy. In recent decades, researchers have succeeded generating various types mimicking vivo Herein, we provide an update on current technologies brain, retinal, kidney, liver, lung, gastrointestinal, cardiac, vascularized multi-lineage organoids, discuss differences between PSC- AdSC-derived summarize applications cell-derived laboratory clinic, outline challenges application which would deepen understanding mechanisms development enhance further utility basic clinical studies.

Language: Английский

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Primary and metastatic peritoneal surface malignancies

Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Dec. 16, 2021

Language: Английский

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Vitamin D and Cancer: An Historical Overview of the Epidemiology and Mechanisms

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 1448 - 1448

Published: March 30, 2022

This is a narrative review of the evidence supporting vitamin D’s anticancer actions. The first section reviews findings from ecological studies cancer with respect to indices solar radiation, which found reduced risk incidence and mortality for approximately 23 types cancer. Meta-analyses observational reported inverse correlations serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] 12 Case-control 25(OH)D concentration measured near time diagnosis are stronger than nested case-control cohort as long follow-up times reduce due changes in time. There no that undiagnosed reduces concentrations unless at very advanced stage. dietary intake have had limited success low amount most diets. An analysis 25(OH)D-cancer rates suggests achieving 80 ng/mL vs. 10 would by 70 ± 10%. Clinical trials provided support UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis poor design execution. In recent decades, many experimental cultured cells animal models described wide range effects compounds. paper will showing inhibition tumor cell proliferation, dedifferentiation, invasion together sensitization proapoptotic agents. Moreover, 1,25-(OH)2D3 other receptor agonists modulate biology several stromal such fibroblasts, endothelial immune way interferes apparition metastases. sum, available mechanistic data global protective action against important

Language: Английский

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Patient-Derived Organoids in Precision Medicine: Drug Screening, Organoid-on-a-Chip and Living Organoid Biobank

Frontiers in Oncology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 30, 2021

Organoids are in vitro self-assembling, organ-like, three-dimensional cellular structures that stably retain key characteristics of the respective organs. can be generated from healthy or pathological tissues derived patients. Cancer organoid culture platforms have several advantages, including conservation composition captures heterogeneity and pharmacotypic signatures parental tumor. This platform has provided new opportunities to fill gap between cancer research clinical outcomes. Clinical trials been performed using patient-derived organoids (PDO) as a tool for personalized medical decisions predict patients’ responses therapeutic regimens potentially improve treatment Living biobanks encompassing types established, providing representative collection well-characterized models will facilitate drug development. In this review, we highlight recent developments generation cultures PDO biobanks, preclinical discovery, methods design functional organoid-on-a-chip combined with microfluidic. addition, discuss advantages well limitations human patient-specific therapy possible future directions.

Language: Английский

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Organoids: The current status and biomedical applications

MedComm, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(3)

Published: May 17, 2023

Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniaturized versions of organs or tissues that derived from cells with stem potential and can self-organize differentiate into 3D cell masses, recapitulating the morphology functions their in vivo counterparts. Organoid culture is an emerging technology, organoids various tissues, such as brain, lung, heart, liver, kidney, have been generated. Compared traditional bidimensional culture, organoid systems unique advantage conserving parental gene expression mutation characteristics, well long-term maintenance function biological characteristics vitro. All these features open up new opportunities for drug discovery, large-scale screening, precision medicine. Another major application disease modeling, especially hereditary diseases difficult to model vitro modeled by combining genome editing technologies. Herein, we introduce development current advances technology field. We focus on applications basic biology clinical research, also highlight limitations future perspectives. hope this review provide a valuable reference developments organoids.

Language: Английский

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Human organoids: New strategies and methods for analyzing human development and disease

Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 185(15), P. 2756 - 2769

Published: July 1, 2022

For decades, insight into fundamental principles of human biology and disease has been obtained primarily by experiments in animal models. While this allowed researchers to understand many biological processes great detail, some developmental mechanisms have proven difficult study due inherent species differences. The advent organoid technology more than 10 years ago established laboratory-grown organ tissues as an additional model system recapitulate human-specific aspects biology. use 3D organoids, well other advances single-cell technologies, revealed unprecedented insights mechanisms, especially those that distinguish humans from species. This review highlights novel with a focus on how generated better understanding development disease.

Language: Английский

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Human-specific genetics: new tools to explore the molecular and cellular basis of human evolution

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(10), P. 687 - 711

Published: Feb. 3, 2023

Our ancestors acquired morphological, cognitive and metabolic modifications that enabled humans to colonize diverse habitats, develop extraordinary technologies reshape the biosphere. Understanding genetic, developmental molecular bases for these changes will provide insights into how we became human. Connecting human-specific genetic species differences has been challenging owing an abundance of low-effect size changes, limited descriptions phenotypic across development at level cell types lack experimental models. Emerging approaches single-cell sequencing, manipulation stem culture now support descriptive functional studies in defined with a human or ape background. In this Review, describe sequencing genomes from modern archaic hominins, great apes other primates is revealing new cellular - including atlases organoids are enabling exploration candidate causal factors underlie traits.

Language: Английский

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