Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
15(7), P. 961 - 984
Published: July 1, 2019
Abstract
The
incidence
of
stroke
and
dementia
are
diverging
across
the
world,
rising
for
those
in
low‐
middle‐income
countries
falling
high‐income
countries.
This
suggests
that
whatever
factors
cause
these
trends
potentially
modifiable.
At
population
level,
neurological
disorders
as
a
group
account
largest
proportion
disability‐adjusted
life
years
globally
(10%).
Among
disorders,
(42%)
(10%)
dominate.
Stroke
confer
risks
each
other
share
some
same,
largely
modifiable,
risk
protective
factors.
In
principle,
90%
strokes
35%
dementias
have
been
estimated
to
be
preventable.
Because
doubles
chance
developing
is
more
common
than
dementia,
third
could
prevented
by
preventing
stroke.
Developments
at
pathological,
pathophysiological,
clinical
level
also
point
new
directions.
Growing
understanding
brain
pathophysiology
has
unveiled
reciprocal
interaction
cerebrovascular
disease
neurodegeneration
identifying
therapeutic
targets
include
protection
endothelium,
blood‐brain
barrier,
components
neurovascular
unit.
addition,
targeting
amyloid
angiopathy
aspects
inflammation
genetic
manipulation
hold
testable
promise.
meantime,
accumulating
evidence
whole
populations
experiencing
improved
education,
lower
vascular
factor
profiles
(e.g.,
reduced
prevalence
smoking)
disease,
including
stroke,
better
cognitive
function
rates.
individual
levels,
trials
demonstrated
anticoagulation
atrial
fibrillation
can
reduce
48%
systolic
blood
pressure
140
mmHg
may
brain.
Based
on
considerations,
World
Organization
issued
proclamation,
endorsed
all
major
international
organizations
focused
global
cardiovascular
health,
calling
joint
prevention
dementia.
article
summarizes
translation
into
action.
Fluids and Barriers of the CNS,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
17(1)
Published: Nov. 18, 2020
Abstract
The
blood–brain
barrier
is
playing
a
critical
role
in
controlling
the
influx
and
efflux
of
biological
substances
essential
for
brain’s
metabolic
activity
as
well
neuronal
function.
Thus,
functional
structural
integrity
BBB
pivotal
to
maintain
homeostasis
brain
microenvironment.
different
cells
structures
contributing
developing
this
are
summarized
along
with
functions
that
plays
at
brain–blood
interface.
We
also
explained
shear
stress
maintaining
integrity.
Furthermore,
we
elaborated
on
clinical
aspects
correlate
between
disruption
neurological
pathological
conditions.
Finally,
discussed
several
biomarkers
can
help
assess
permeability
in-vitro
or
in-vivo
briefly
explain
their
advantages
disadvantages.
Molecular Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: July 16, 2020
Abstract
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
is
the
most
common
neurodegenerative
disorder
seen
in
age-dependent
dementia.
There
currently
no
effective
treatment
for
AD,
which
may
be
attributed
part
to
lack
of
a
clear
underlying
mechanism.
Studies
within
last
few
decades
provide
growing
evidence
central
role
amyloid
β
(Aβ)
and
tau,
as
well
glial
contributions
various
molecular
cellular
pathways
AD
pathogenesis.
Herein,
we
review
recent
progress
with
respect
Aβ-
tau-associated
mechanisms,
discuss
dysfunction
emphasis
on
neuronal
receptors
that
mediate
Aβ-induced
toxicity.
We
also
other
critical
factors
affect
pathogenesis,
including
genetics,
aging,
variables
related
environment,
lifestyle
habits,
describe
potential
apolipoprotein
E
(APOE),
viral
bacterial
infection,
sleep,
microbiota.
Although
have
gained
much
towards
understanding
aspects
this
devastating
disorder,
greater
commitment
research
mechanism,
diagnostics
will
needed
future
research.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: May 25, 2023
Abstract
Blood–brain
barrier
(BBB)
is
a
natural
protective
membrane
that
prevents
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
from
toxins
and
pathogens
in
blood.
However,
the
presence
of
BBB
complicates
pharmacotherapy
for
CNS
disorders
as
most
chemical
drugs
biopharmaceuticals
have
been
impeded
to
enter
brain.
Insufficient
drug
delivery
into
brain
leads
low
therapeutic
efficacy
well
aggravated
side
effects
due
accumulation
other
organs
tissues.
Recent
breakthrough
materials
science
nanotechnology
provides
library
advanced
with
customized
structure
property
serving
powerful
toolkit
targeted
delivery.
In-depth
research
field
anatomical
pathological
study
on
further
facilitates
development
brain-targeted
strategies
enhanced
crossing.
In
this
review,
physiological
different
cells
contributing
are
summarized.
Various
emerging
permeability
regulation
crossing
including
passive
transcytosis,
intranasal
administration,
ligands
conjugation,
coating,
stimuli-triggered
disruption,
overcome
obstacle
highlighted.
Versatile
systems
ranging
organic,
inorganic,
biologics-derived
their
synthesis
procedures
unique
physio-chemical
properties
summarized
analyzed.
This
review
aims
provide
an
up-to-date
comprehensive
guideline
researchers
diverse
fields,
offering
perspectives
system.
