Acta Physiologica,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
241(2)
Published: Jan. 16, 2025
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
is
a
highly
selective,
semipermeable
critical
for
maintaining
brain
homeostasis.
BBB
regulates
the
transport
of
essential
nutrients,
hormones,
and
signaling
molecules
between
bloodstream
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
while
simultaneously
protecting
from
potentially
harmful
substances
pathogens.
This
selective
permeability
ensures
that
nourished
shielded
toxins.
An
exception
to
this
are
regions,
such
as
hypothalamus
circumventricular
organs,
which
irrigated
by
fenestrated
capillaries,
allowing
rapid
direct
response
various
blood
components.
We
overview
metabolic
functions
BBB,
with
an
emphasis
on
impact
altered
glucose
metabolism
insulin
in
pathogenesis
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Notably,
endothelial
cells
constituting
exhibit
distinct
characteristics,
primarily
generating
ATP
through
aerobic
glycolysis.
occurs
despite
their
exposure
abundant
oxygen
bloodstream,
typically
supports
oxidative
phosphorylation.
effects
astrocytes,
form
glial
limitans
component
show
marked
sexual
dimorphism.
nutrient
sensing
hypothalamus,
along
signaling,
systemic
metabolism.
Insulin
modifies
regulating
expression
tight
junction
proteins,
angiogenesis,
vascular
remodeling,
well
modulating
flow
brain.
disruptions
particularly
evident
diseases,
Alzheimer's
disease
Parkinson's
disease,
where
breakdown
accelerates
cognitive
decline.
review
highlights
role
normal
functionality
investigates
how
these
pathways
contribute
onset
progression
Pharmaceuticals,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
16(8), P. 1056 - 1056
Published: July 25, 2023
Due
to
their
biocompatibility,
non-toxicity,
and
surface-conjugation
capabilities,
liposomes
are
effective
nanocarriers
that
can
encapsulate
chemotherapeutic
drugs
facilitate
targeted
delivery
across
the
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB).
Additionally,
strategies
have
been
explored
synthesize
respond
internal
and/or
external
stimuli
release
payload
controllably.
Although
research
into
for
brain
cancer
treatment
is
still
in
its
infancy,
these
systems
great
potential
fundamentally
change
drug
landscape.
This
review
paper
attempts
consolidate
relevant
literature
regarding
using
nanocarriers,
particularly
liposomes.
The
first
briefly
explains
conventional
modalities
cancer,
followed
by
describing
ways,
challenges,
techniques
involved
transporting
BBB.
Various
nanocarrier
introduced,
with
attention
liposomes,
due
ability
circumvent
challenges
imposed
Relevant
studies
involving
liposomal
researched
treat
tumors
reviewed
vitro,
vivo,
clinical
studies.
Finally,
associated
use
of
how
they
be
addressed
presented.
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
36(18)
Published: Jan. 15, 2024
Abstract
Mitochondria,
widely
known
as
the
energy
factories
of
eukaryotic
cells,
have
a
myriad
vital
functions
across
diverse
cellular
processes.
Dysfunctions
within
mitochondria
serve
catalysts
for
various
diseases,
prompting
widespread
demise.
Mounting
research
on
remedying
damaged
indicates
that
constitute
valuable
target
therapeutic
intervention
against
diseases.
But
less
clinical
practice
and
lower
recovery
rate
imply
limitation
traditional
drugs,
which
need
further
breakthrough.
Nanotechnology
has
approached
favorable
regiospecific
biodistribution
high
efficacy
by
capitalizing
excellent
nanomaterials
targeting
drug
delivery.
Mitochondria‐remedying
nanodrugs
achieved
ideal
effects.
This
review
elucidates
significance
in
cells
organs,
while
also
compiling
mortality
data
related
Correspondingly,
nanodrug‐mediate
strategies
applicable
mitochondria‐remedying
disease
are
detailed,
with
full
understanding
roles
dysfunction
advantages
nanodrugs.
In
addition,
future
challenges
directions
discussed.
conclusion,
this
provides
comprehensive
insights
into
design
development
nanodrugs,
aiming
to
help
scientists
who
desire
extend
their
fields
engage
interdisciplinary
subject.
Analytical Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
96(8), P. 3436 - 3444
Published: Feb. 19, 2024
Cerebral
ischemia–reperfusion
injury
(CIRI),
a
cause
of
cerebral
dysfunction
during
infarction
treatment,
is
closely
associated
with
mitochondrial
viscosity
and
hydrogen
peroxide
(H2O2).
However,
the
accurate
measurement
H2O2
levels
in
CIRI
challenging
because
lack
sufficient
selectivity
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB)
penetration
existing
monitoring
tools
related
to
CIRI,
hampering
exploration
role
CIRI.
To
address
this
issue,
we
designed
an
activatable
fluorescent
probe,
mitochondria-targeting
styryl-quinolin-ium
(Mito-IQS),
excellent
properties
including
high
selectivity,
targeting,
BBB
penetration,
for
visualization
brain.
Based
on
real-time
capabilities
bursts
were
visualized
This
probe
can
be
used
monitor
therapeutic
effects
butylphthalein
treatment.
More
importantly,
vivo
experiments
further
confirmed
that
was
levels.
discovery
provides
new
insights
study
expected
accelerate
process
diagnosis,
drug
design.
Pharmaceuticals,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(5), P. 612 - 612
Published: May 10, 2024
Overcoming
the
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB)
remains
a
significant
hurdle
in
effective
drug
delivery
to
brain.
While
BBB
serves
as
crucial
protective
barrier,
it
poses
challenges
delivering
therapeutic
agents
their
intended
targets
within
brain
parenchyma.
To
enhance
for
treatment
of
neurological
diseases,
several
technologies
circumvent
have
been
developed
last
few
years.
Among
them,
nanoparticles
(NPs)
are
one
most
versatile
and
promising
tools.
Here,
we
summarize
characteristics
NPs
that
facilitate
penetration,
including
size,
shape,
chemical
composition,
surface
charge,
importantly,
conjugation
with
various
biological
or
synthetic
molecules
such
glucose,
transferrin,
insulin,
polyethylene
glycol,
peptides,
aptamers.
Additionally,
discuss
coating
surfactants.
A
comprehensive
overview
common
vitro
vivo
models
NP
penetration
studies
is
also
provided.
The
discussion
extends
discussing
impairment
under
pathological
conditions
leveraging
alterations
delivery.
Emphasizing
need
future
uncover
inherent
properties
NPs,
review
advocates
role
beyond
systems
calls
efforts
translating
clinic
therapeutics.
Overall,
stand
out
highly
strategy
precise
targeting
disorders.
Polymers,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(18), P. 2606 - 2606
Published: Sept. 14, 2024
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic
acid)
(PLGA)
is
a
widely
used
biodegradable
and
biocompatible
copolymer
in
drug
delivery
systems
(DDSs).
In
this
article,
we
highlight
the
critical
physicochemical
properties
of
PLGA,
including
its
molecular
weight,
intrinsic
viscosity,
monomer
ratio,
blockiness,
end
caps,
that
significantly
influence
release
profiles
degradation
times.
This
review
also
covers
extensive
literature
on
application
PLGA
delivering
small-molecule
drugs,
proteins,
peptides,
antibiotics,
antiviral
drugs.
Furthermore,
discuss
role
PLGA-based
DDSs
treating
various
diseases,
cancer,
neurological
disorders,
pain,
inflammation.
The
incorporation
drugs
into
nanoparticles
microspheres
has
been
shown
to
enhance
their
therapeutic
efficacy,
reduce
toxicity,
improve
patient
compliance.
Overall,
holds
great
promise
for
advancement
treatment
management
multiple
chronic
conditions.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(2), P. 1110 - 1110
Published: Jan. 16, 2024
This
comprehensive
review
elucidates
the
profound
relationship
between
human
microbiome
and
breast
cancer
management.
Recent
findings
highlight
significance
of
microbial
alterations
in
tissue,
such
as
gut
breast,
their
role
influencing
risk,
development,
progression,
treatment
outcomes.
We
delve
into
how
can
modulate
systemic
inflammatory
responses
estrogen
levels,
thereby
impacting
initiation
therapeutic
drug
efficacy.
Furthermore,
we
explore
unique
diversity
within
indicating
potential
imbalances
brought
about
by
highlighting
specific
microbes
promising
targets.
Emphasizing
a
holistic
One
Health
approach,
this
underscores
importance
integrating
insights
from
human,
animal,
environmental
health
to
gain
deeper
understanding
complex
microbe-cancer
interplay.
As
field
advances,
strategic
manipulation
its
metabolites
presents
innovative
prospects
for
enhancement
diagnostics
therapeutics.
However,
rigorous
clinical
trials
remain
essential
confirm
microbiota-based
interventions
Small,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(31)
Published: March 10, 2024
Abstract
Early
detection
and
treatment
are
crucial
for
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
management.
Current
diagnostic
therapeutic
methods
focus
on
late‐stage
amyloid
fibrils
plaques,
overlooking
toxic
soluble
β
oligomers
(AβOs)
accumulating
early
in
AD.
A
multifunctional
liposome‐based
platform
is
designed
diagnosis
therapy
of
AD,
leveraging
a
novel
self‐assembled
cyclic
d
,
l
‐α‐peptide
(
CP‐2
)
that
selectively
targets
AβOs.
Biocompatible
conjugated
liposomes
(CP‐2‐LPs)
effectively
disrupt
Aβ
aggregation
mitigate
Aβ‐mediated
toxicity
human
neuroblastoma
cells.
In
transgenic
Caenorhabditis
elegans
AD
models,
CP‐2‐LPs
significantly
outperformed
free
by
improving
cognitive
behavioral
functions,
extending
lifespan,
reducing
AβO
levels.
Intravenous
injection
fluorescently
labeled
reveals
effective
blood‐brain
barrier
penetration,
with
higher
brain
fluorescence
mice
than
WT,
enabling
precise
diagnosis.
These
findings
underscore
as
valuable
tool
targeted
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Jan. 17, 2024
Despite
the
clear
benefits
demonstrated
by
immunotherapy,
there
is
still
an
inevitable
off-target
effect
resulting
in
serious
adverse
immune
reactions.
In
recent
years,
research
and
development
of
Drug
Delivery
System
(DDS)
has
received
increased
prominence.
decades
development,
DDS
ability
to
deliver
drugs
a
precisely
targeted
manner
mitigate
side
effects
advantages
flexible
control
drug
release,
improved
pharmacokinetics,
distribution.
Therefore,
we
consider
that
combining
cancer
immunotherapy
with
can
enhance
anti-tumor
ability.
this
paper,
provide
overview
latest
delivery
strategies
briefly
introduce
characteristics
based
on
nano-carriers
(liposomes,
polymer
nano-micelles,
mesoporous
silica,
extracellular
vesicles,
etc.)
coupling
technology
(ADCs,
PDCs
protein
degradation).
Our
aim
show
readers
variety
platforms
under
different
mechanisms,
analyze
their
limitations,
more
superior
accurate
targeting
for
immunotherapy.
International Journal of Nanomedicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 19, P. 2529 - 2552
Published: March 1, 2024
Abstract:
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
and
blood-tumor
(BTB)
pose
substantial
challenges
to
efficacious
drug
delivery
for
glioblastoma
multiforme
(GBM),
a
primary
brain
tumor
with
poor
prognosis.
Nanoparticle-based
combinational
strategies
have
emerged
as
promising
modalities
overcome
these
barriers
enhance
penetration
into
the
parenchyma.
This
review
discusses
various
nanoparticle-based
combinatorial
approaches
that
combine
nanoparticles
cell-based
delivery,
viral
focused
ultrasound,
magnetic
field,
intranasal
permeability
across
BBB
BTB.
Cell-based
involves
using
engineered
cells
carriers
nanoparticles,
taking
advantage
of
their
intrinsic
migratory
homing
capabilities
facilitate
transport
therapeutic
payloads
Viral
uses
vectors
deliver
genes
or
specific
within
GBM
microenvironment.
Focused
coupled
microbubbles
can
temporarily
disrupt
increase
permeability.
Magnetic
field-guided
exploits
targeted
under
an
external
field.
Intranasal
offers
minimally
invasive
avenue
bypass
agents
directly
via
olfactory
trigeminal
pathways.
By
combining
strategies,
synergistic
effects
efficiency,
improve
efficacy,
reduce
off-target
effects.
Future
research
should
focus
on
optimizing
nanoparticle
design,
exploring
new
combination
advancing
preclinical
clinical
investigations
promote
translation
therapies
GBM.
Keywords:
glioblastoma,
barrier,
nanoparticle,
strategy,
ultrasound-wave,
