Individual differences in computational psychiatry: A review of current challenges

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 148, P. 105137 - 105137

Published: March 20, 2023

Bringing precision to the understanding and treatment of mental disorders requires instruments for studying clinically relevant individual differences. One promising approach is development computational assays: integrating models with cognitive tasks infer latent patient-specific disease processes in brain computations. While recent years have seen many methodological advancements modelling cross-sectional patient studies, much less attention has been paid basic psychometric properties (reliability construct validity) measures provided by assays. In this review, we assess extent issue examining emerging empirical evidence. We find that suffer from poor properties, which poses a risk invalidating previous findings undermining ongoing research efforts using assays study (and even group) provide recommendations how address these problems and, crucially, embed them within broader perspective on key developments are needed translating clinical practice.

Language: Английский

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Development and socialization of self-regulation from infancy to adolescence: A meta-review differentiating between self-regulatory abilities, goals, and motivation

Developmental Review, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 69, P. 101090 - 101090

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

Self-regulation has been intensely studied across developmental science disciplines in virtue of its significance to understanding and fostering adaptive functioning throughout life. Whereas research predominantly focused on self-regulatory abilities, age-related changes goals motivation that underlie self-regulation have largely neglected. In a systematic meta-review, we disentangle the development abilities from between infancy adolescence. We further investigate roles parents, teachers, peers socialization separately motivation. searched reviews meta-analyses typical (0–18 years), identifying 1,935 records, which 136 articles were included. Results show develops being co-regulated an independent yet socially-calibrated process demonstrate continuity as well transitions goals, employed for self-regulation, pinpoint exact role various social agents involved these processes. Our meta-review yields detailed description adolescence, providing starting point future intervention work regarding key processes be considered when targeting particular age group.

Language: Английский

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Negative affectivity drivers of impulsivity in opioid use disorder

Nature Reviews Psychology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 17, 2025

Language: Английский

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Impulsivity facets and substance use involvement: insights from genomic structural equation modeling

Psychological Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 55

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract Background Impulsivity is a multidimensional trait associated with substance use disorders (SUDs), but the relationship between distinct impulsivity facets and stages of involvement remains unclear. Methods We used genomic structural equation modeling genome-wide association studies ( N = 79,729–903,147) to examine latent genetic architecture nine traits seven (SU) SUD traits. Results found that SU factors were strongly genetically inter-correlated r G =0.77) their associations differed. Lack premeditation, negative positive urgency equally positively correlated both =.0.30–0.50) 0.38–0.46) factors; sensation seeking was more factor =0.27 versus =0.10); delay discounting =0.31 =0.21); lack perseverance only weakly =0.10). After controlling for correlation SU/SUD, we premeditation independently (β=0.42) (β=0.21); (β=0.48, β=0.33, respectively); (β=0.33, β=0.36, respectively). Conclusions Our findings show specific confer risk involvement, potential implications SUDs prevention treatment.

Language: Английский

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Why Doesn’t Executive Function Training Improve Academic Achievement? Rethinking Individual Differences, Relevance, and Engagement from a Contextual Framework

Journal of Cognition and Development, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(2), P. 241 - 259

Published: Dec. 30, 2022

Performance on lab assessments of executive functions predicts academic achievement and other positive life outcomes. A primary goal research has been to design interventions that improve outcomes like by improving functions. These typically involve extensive practice abstract lab-based tasks lead improvements these practiced tasks. However, rarely performance non-practiced benefit achievement. Contemporary frameworks function development suggest develop are engaged within personal, social, historical, cultural contexts. Abstract do not well-capture the real-world contexts require should be expected provide generalized benefits outside lab. We propose a perspective for understanding individual differences in focuses contextual influences extend this approach training engagement, rather than directly. First, incorporate task content is contextually relevant targeted outcome. Second, encourage engaging through reinforcement relevance, which may better translate While such individualized address systemic factors greatly impact achievement, given resources devoted functions, we hypothesize designed children's engagement hold more promise impacting capacities.

Language: Английский

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Large studies reveal how reference bias limits policy applications of self-report measures

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Nov. 10, 2022

There is growing policy interest in identifying contexts that cultivate self-regulation. Doing so often entails comparing groups of individuals (e.g., from different schools). We show self-report questionnaires-the most prevalent modality for assessing self-regulation-are prone to reference bias, defined as systematic error arising differences the implicit standards by which evaluate behavior. In three studies, adolescents (N = 229,685) whose peers performed better academically rated themselves lower self-regulation and held higher This effect was not observed task measures led paradoxical predictions college persistence 6 years later. These findings suggest vary social group, limiting applications questionnaires.

Language: Английский

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Mapping neurodevelopmental diversity in executive function

Cortex, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 172, P. 204 - 221

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

Executive function, an umbrella term used to describe the goal-directed regulation of thoughts, actions, and emotions, is important dimension implicated in neurodiversity established malleable predictor multiple adult outcomes. Neurodevelopmental differences have been linked both executive function strengths weaknesses, but evidence for associations between specific profiles neurodevelopmental conditions mixed. In this exploratory study, we adopt unsupervised machine learning approach (self-organising maps), combined with k-means clustering identify data-driven a transdiagnostic sample 566 neurodivergent children aged 8-18 years old. We include measures designed capture two distinct aspects function: performance-based tasks tap state-like efficiency cognitive skills under optimal conditions, behaviour ratings suited capturing trait-like application control everyday contexts. Three were identified: one had consistent difficulties across types assessments, while other inconsistent predominantly rating- or task-based difficulties. Girls without formal diagnosis more likely profile primarily Children these different academic achievement mental health outcomes could further be differentiated from comparison group on shared profile-unique patterns neural white matter organisation. Importantly, children's not directly related diagnostic categories dimensions associated diagnoses (e.g., hyperactivity, inattention, social communication). These findings support idea that assessments provide non-redundant information they should interchangeably. The advance our understanding their relationship behavioural variation populations.

Language: Английский

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Latent state–trait and latent growth curve modeling of inhibitory control.

Journal of Experimental Psychology General, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 152(5), P. 1396 - 1419

Published: March 13, 2023

The reliability of inhibitory control task performance as well the existence an underlying unitary construct have been questioned. present study is first to use a trait and state decomposition approach formally quantify examine its hierarchical structure. N = 150 participants carried out antisaccade, Eriksen flanker, go/nogo, Simon, stop-signal, Stroop tasks on three occasions. By applying latent state-trait modeling growth-curve modeling, was estimated divided into amount variance explained by effects changes (consistency) situational Situation × Person interaction (occasion specificity). Mean reaction times for all revealed excellent reliabilities (.89-.99). Importantly, average, 82% accounted consistency while specificity rather small. Although primary variables lower (.51-.85), majority again determined. Trait were observed most strongest when comparing occasion later ones. In addition, in some variables, those improvements particularly high initially underperforming subjects. An analysis inhibition level showed that communality between low. We conclude are mainly affected stable effects, but there only little evidence common, at level. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, rights reserved).

Language: Английский

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Creating a resilient pedagogy: Character strengths intervention for aspiring educators

Acta Psychologica, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 249, P. 104465 - 104465

Published: Aug. 22, 2024

Teachers play a crucial role in guiding learners through life's challenges. They face educational and socio-economic shifts while striving to teach for better future. Our study focuses on equipping future teachers, called pre-service with resilience-building resources during their teacher training program. A potential antecedent resilience, which facilitates cognitive strategies attentional processes, is flexibility. We first tested whether flexibility predicts resilience. Next, relying the tenets of positive psychology, studies we developed effectiveness character strengths intervention enhancing teachers' resilience An individual's belief ability change personal could influence how an manifests. Hence, studied mindset impacts intervention's effect and, thus, adopted multi-method approach, guided by Polk's theory test out objectives. Using cross-sectional design, one (n = 273) found that significantly predicted Study two (N 193; nexp 133, ncont 60) was multi-site field experiment. enhanced (experimental group M 29.62, control 28.33) 54.42, 52.01). Further, growth mindset, moderate indirect via The contributes theoretical practical advancements Taken together, findings highlight cognitive-affective-behavioural makeup importantly, can be seamlessly integrated into curricula resilient

Language: Английский

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Executive Functions and Impulsivity as Transdiagnostic Correlates of Psychopathology in Childhood: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: March 25, 2022

Executive functions (EFs) and impulsivity are dimensions of self-regulation that both related to psychopathology. However, self-report measures laboratory EF tasks typically display small correlations, existing research indicates EFs may tap separate aspects independently statistically predict psychopathology in adulthood. relationships between EFs, impulsivity, be different childhood compared Here, we examine whether these patterns hold the baseline assessment Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) sample, a national sample over 11,000 children (including 749 twin pairs) ages 9–10 years. We phenotypic genetic among latent variables for components multiple facets impulsivity. Additionally, assess how relate composite derived from parent report. were weakly correlated with strength varied by facet, emphasizing their separability. did not identify significant environmental correlations Moreover, controlling each other, some predicted an Externalizing factor, attention problems, social analyses suggested origin. These findings indicate represent phenotypically genetically separable transdiagnostic correlates childhood.

Language: Английский

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