ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, Severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment

Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 53(3), P. 343 - 360

Published: May 3, 2024

To provide updated national prevalence estimates of diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD severity, co-occurring disorders, and receipt medication behavioral treatment among U.S. children adolescents by demographic clinical subgroups using data from the 2022 National Survey Children's Health (NSCH).

Language: Английский

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Trends in Incident Prescriptions for Behavioral Health Medications in the US, 2018-2022

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 81(4), P. 396 - 396

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

Importance The COVID-19 pandemic reportedly increased behavioral health needs and impacted treatment access. Objective To assess changes in incident prescriptions dispensed for medications commonly used to treat depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), opioid use (OUD), before during the pandemic. Design, Setting, Participants This was a cross-sectional study using comprehensive, population-level, nationally projected data from IQVIA National Prescription Audit on (prescriptions patients with no prior dispensing same drug class previous 12 months) antidepressants, benzodiazepines, Schedule II (C-II) stimulants, nonstimulant ADHD, buprenorphine-containing medication OUD (MOUD), US outpatient pharmacies. Data were analyzed April 2018 March 2022. Exposure Incident by (by prescriber specialty, patient age, sex) drug. Main Outcomes Measures Interrupted time-series analysis compare trends monthly percentage aggregate between Results 5 classes changed 51 500 321 54 000 169 largest unadjusted increase specialty among nurse practitioners across all ranging 7% (from 1 811 376 944 852; benzodiazepines) 78% 157 578 280 925; buprenorphine MOUD), whereas age sex, increases within C-II stimulants ADHD drugs aged 20 39 years (30% [from 887 017 2 455 706] 81% 255 053 461 017], respectively) female (25% 352 095 942 604] 59% 395 678 630 678], respectively). Trends (slope change: 4007 per month; 95% CI, 1592-6422 1120 706-1533, significantly pandemic, exceeding prepandemic after an initial drop at onset of (level changes: −50 044 prescriptions; −80 202 −19 886 −12 876 −17 756 −7996, Although MOUD dropped −2915 −5513 −318), did not change MOUD, or benzodiazepines. Conclusions Relevance many remained relatively stable US, medications, notably sharply increased. Additional research is needed differentiate due unmet need vs overprescribing, highlighting further guideline development define appropriateness.

Language: Английский

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Attention deficits linked with proclivity to explore while foraging

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2017)

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

All mobile organisms forage for resources, choosing how and when to search new opportunities by comparing current returns with the average environment. In humans, nomadic lifestyles favouring exploration have been associated genetic mutations implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), inviting hypothesis that this condition may impact foraging decisions general population. Here we tested pre-registered examining human participants collected resources an online task. On every trial, chose either continue collect rewards from a depleting patch of or replenish patch. Participants also completed well-validated ADHD self-report screening assessment at end sessions. departed resource patches sooner travel times between were shorter than they longer, as predicted optimal theory. whose scores on scale crossed threshold positive screen significantly who did not meet criterion. meeting achieved higher reward rates individuals not. Our findings suggest attributes confer advantages some environments invite possibility reflect adaptation over exploitation.

Language: Английский

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Online interest in ADHD predicts ADHD medication prescriptions in Australia from 2004 to 2023: A time-series analysis revealing COVID-19-related acceleration

Australasian Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication prescriptions in Australia have grown sharply recent years. We examined the association between online interest ADHD and prescriptions. Monthly Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) Repatriation PBS (RPBS) Item Reports of Australian ADHD-related Google Trends (GT) data (2004-2023) were sourced. modelled lagged effect GT on prescriptions, using an autoregressive moving average model with conditional heteroskedasticity, adjusting for COVID-19 lockdown effects. Results compared to a pain-related searches PBS/RPBS opioid counterfactual alternatives: (1) (2) descriptively analysed additional news data. Annual doubled from 1,424,904 2020 3,112,072 2023. considerably increased since pandemic. had statistically significant positive Comparator models did not show associations Online supported recently public ADHD. predicts which was accentuated during Studies are needed evaluate causal pathways, health information quality sociodemographic determinants.

Language: Английский

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnoses in Finland During the COVID-19 Pandemic

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(6), P. e2418204 - e2418204

Published: June 27, 2024

Importance Several reports suggest an increase in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. This nationwide study assessed new ADHD diagnoses and prevalence before Objective To investigate trends diagnoses, prevalence, medication use from 2015 to 2022 Finland. Design, Setting, Participants longitudinal cohort comprised entire Finnish population. were obtained registers at 3 time points: (2020) after (2022) Data analyzed January June 2022. Main outcomes Measures New lifetime use. Results The 5 572 420 individuals (2 819 645 women [50.6%]). Lifetime of increased by 2.7-fold 2022; was 1.02% (95% CI, 1.01%-1.03%), 1.80% 2020 1.79%-1.81%), 2.76% 2.75%-2.77%). Young men aged 13 20 years had highest 11.68% 11.56%-11.81%) doubled pandemic, 238 per 100 000 477 pandemic-associated incremental 18.60% 16.47%-20.49%; 9482 50 897 cases). a 2.6-fold 577 1488 2022, 21 30 3.0-fold increase, 361 1100 000. 2.9-fold among those older than 55 (from 14 men). Boys younger absolute rate (1745 000), but boys young did not show significant diagnoses. purchases 0.57% 0.56%-0.58%) (31 771 [55.62%] with diagnosis), 1.15% 1.14%-1.16%) (64 034 [63.83%]), 1.69% CI 1.68%-1.70%) (92 557 [61.43%]), respectively. Conclusions Relevance In this study, showed Finland relation These results highlight potential adverse changes living conditions.

Language: Английский

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ADHD medicine consumption in Europe after COVID-19: catch-up or trend change?

BMC Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Feb. 9, 2024

Abstract Background Although the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications have been associated with mental health services utilization medication consumption, there is no longitudinal study on long-term impact ADHD use trends. Methods This examines European consumption in 2020 to 2022 compared predicted assuming persistence of pre-pandemic Predictions are calculated using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models. Results While sales recorded a drop 2020, they returned level 2021, even slightly exceeding it. In 2022, we found clear exceedance by 16.4% average at country level. Furthermore, increase growth post-pandemic period (2021–2022) (2014–2019) was significant 26 28 countries under consideration. Conclusion There strong evidence trend change medicine throughout Europe after pandemic.

Language: Английский

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Utilization of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics during the COVID-19 pandemic

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: April 4, 2024

Abstract Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, there have been concerns over mental health impact COVID-19. This is a review utilization antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics since pandemic was declared on March 11th 2020. A number reports so far based large prescription databases for administrative use at national or regional level, but mainly in high-income countries. We found studies reporting increased rates during 2020, which has interpreted as hoarding such medications. In following months, most antidepressant did not display clear pattern change compared with prepandemic trends. later phases small increases higher than predicted rates, consistent finding, especially youth. countries, were increasing trends antidepressants also before needs to be considered when estimating whereas anxiolytics hypnotics, patterns prescriptions more varying. Overall, after 2020 we could find any distinct changes pandemic. Most contain information about prevalence indicated psychiatric disorders studied populations. More are needed long-term effects COVID-19, particularly regarding antidepressants. Research relating major depression anxiety would promote better understanding how well reflect population.

Language: Английский

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and young people

Psychiatriki, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 1, 2023

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared spread of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, and youth worldwide were suddenly confronted with unprecedented consequences. The first line concern was related to direct effect SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. While severe physical health symptomatology including death following infection found be less common in children than adults,1 long-COVID has been identified pediatric population most prevalent manifestations involving mood symptoms, sleep difficulties, fatigue.2 Secondly, measures against carried their own set risks. Many governments imposed national lockdowns, schools closed, remote learning started operating social distancing prevented families from visiting public places or meeting people other households. Isolation, disruption everyday routines, sharp dramatic decrease activity interaction levels became new reality experienced by adolescents all age groups.3 Cross-sectional community studies on conducted early course pandemic indicated elevated loneliness, anxiety, behavioral problems samples, even during initial phases outbreak.4 Systematic reviews mainly cross-sectional that followed significant rise clinically anxiety depression symptoms among compared pre-pandemic levels5 high prevalence estimates for depression, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, disorders.6 A recent systematic review included data 55,000 many countries world (mean 11.3 years) reported (range = 1.8–49.5%), 2.2– 63.8%), irritability 16.7–73.2%) anger 30.0–51.3%) frequently pandemic.7 However, experience not homogenous youth. Possible risk factors presence mental before excessive exposure media, caseload community, while any kind family routines good parent-child communication protective factors.7 Females older also at greater adverse outcomes. countries, infection, one hand, enforcement lockdowns containment measures, other, have put care under tremendous pressure, leaving disorders minimal inadequate support. Nevertheless, differences observed within group psychiatric developmental diagnosed pandemic. Numerous investigated impact autism spectrum increase parental stress, well irritability, hyperactivity, stereotypical behavior, adolescents.8 Further issue neurodevelopmental showed disproportionately adversely affected attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) meta-analysis pointing ADHD symptoms.9 Finally, concerns about possible suicidality contradicting findings relevant studies. On whole, though, it is suggested previously, higher rates suicidal ideation behaviors suicide events adolescents.10 Similar patterns difficulties those described above Greece. During stages one-third (35.1%) parents child’s psychological considerably affected,11 study final-year high-school students increased significantly lockdown.12 Among pre-existing different parts country, no change state scores pre- post-pandemic onset, several daily worsened lockdown, such reduced time spent outdoors.13 Such research effects its should guide follow-up young inform design effective strategies policies era aim prevent mitigate further crises.

Language: Английский

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Drug utilisation in children and adolescents before and after the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Interrupted time‐series analyses in three European countries

Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38(6), P. 450 - 460

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Abstract Background The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected children and adolescents in several ways, including worsened mental health, improvement of asthma, increases diabetes ketoacidosis. Less is known about how medication use been by the pandemic. Objectives To explore drug utilisation Norway, Sweden, Italy, child age. Methods We conducted a longitudinal study among all (<18 years old) Norway Sweden nationwide paediatric database covering 3% population Italy. an interrupted time‐series analysis from January 2018 to December 2021, with March 2020 as interruption point. Dispensing or prescription rates antidepressants, anxiolytics, sleep medications, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) insulin, asthma medications were examined. Results consisted 3,455,521 (136,188 1,160,431 2,158,902 Sweden). For there only minor changes level trend some age groups after 2020. was associated immediate decrease dispensing (range change level: −19.2 −3.7 dispensings per 1000 person‐months), increasing countries afterward trend: 0.3–6.4 especially for youngest groups. Among adolescents, increased ADHD anxiolytics but not Conclusions psychotropic dispensing, start pandemic, concerning should be investigated further. Aside temporary effect on did greatly affect investigated.

Language: Английский

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Navigating prolonged stressor events: Exploring the unexpected relationship with mental health and physical activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Neurodiversity, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Chronic stressors threaten child development with risk for poor mental health, disproportionately impacting those pre-existing conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, associations between physical activity and health in children ADHD during prolonged stressor experiences, the pandemic, are not well understood. Parents of youth ( n = 412) 277) without 132) reported their youth's weekly levels, symptom severity subjective well-being pandemic. Bivariate correlation, independent t-tests hierarchical multiple regression analyses assessed compared relationships among factors onset Children had significantly higher scores substantially lower than ADHD. Overall, there was no difference levels ADHD, association identified either group. counter to expectations unique current study, a relationship increased worsened severity, warranting targeted attention intervention mitigation future social disruptions.

Language: Английский

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