International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(4), P. 2407 - 2407
Published: Feb. 18, 2024
The
complexity
of
macrophage
(MΦ)
plasticity
and
polarization
states,
which
include
classically
activated
pro-inflammatory
(M1)
alternatively
anti-inflammatory
(M2)
MΦ
phenotypes,
is
becoming
increasingly
appreciated.
Within
the
M2
state,
M2a,
M2b,
M2c,
M2d
subcategories
have
been
defined
based
on
their
expression
specific
cell
surface
receptors,
secreted
cytokines,
specialized
immune
effector
functions.
importance
immunometabolic
networks
in
mediating
function
regulation
responses
also
being
recognized,
although
exact
mechanisms
extent
metabolic
modulation
subtype
phenotypes
functions
remain
incompletely
understood.
In
this
study,
proton
(1H)
nuclear
magnetic
resonance
(NMR)
metabolomics
was
employed
to
determine
polar
metabolomes
subtypes
investigate
relationship
between
aqueous
metabolite
profiles
functional
phenotypes.
Results
from
study
demonstrate
that
M2a
MΦs
are
most
distinct
subtypes,
M2b
display
several
traits
associated
with
an
M1-like
phenotype.
significance
metabolome
differences
for
metabolites
implicated
glycolysis,
tricarboxylic
acid
(TCA)
cycle,
phospholipid
metabolism,
creatine–phosphocreatine
cycling
discussed.
Altogether,
provides
biochemical
insights
into
role
metabolism
supports
concept
a
continuum
activation
states
rather
than
two
well-separated
functionally
M1/M2
classes,
as
originally
proposed
within
classical
framework.
npj Precision Oncology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: Feb. 10, 2024
Abstract
Tumor
drug
resistance
emerges
from
the
interaction
of
two
critical
factors:
tumor
cellular
heterogeneity
and
immunosuppressive
nature
microenvironment
(TME).
Tumor-associated
macrophages
(TAMs)
constitute
essential
components
TME.
M2-like
TAMs
are
in
facilitating
metastasis
as
well
augmenting
tumors.
This
review
encapsulates
mechanisms
that
use
to
promote
resistance.
We
also
describe
emerging
therapeutic
strategies
currently
targeting
combination
with
other
antitumor
drugs,
some
still
undergoing
clinical
trial
evaluation.
Furthermore,
we
summarize
analyze
various
existing
approaches
for
developing
novel
drugs
target
overcome
resistance,
highlighting
how
can
effectively
stop
growth,
metastasis,
Journal of Inflammation Research,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 16, P. 3563 - 3580
Published: Aug. 1, 2023
Abstract:
Bone
homeostasis
is
a
dynamic
equilibrium
state
of
bone
formation
and
absorption,
ensuring
skeletal
development
repair.
immunity
encompasses
all
aspects
the
intersection
between
immune
systems,
including
various
signaling
pathways,
cytokines,
crosstalk
cells
under
both
homeostatic
pathological
conditions.
Therefore,
as
key
cell
types
in
immunity,
macrophages
can
polarize
into
classical
pro-inflammatory
M1
alternative
anti-inflammatory
M2
influence
body
environment,
participating
regulation
metabolism
playing
roles
homeostasis.
not
only
act
precursors
osteoclasts
(OCs),
differentiate
mature
OCs,
but
also
secrete
cytokines
to
promote
resorption;
while
osteogenic
factors,
stimulating
differentiation
mineralization
osteoblast
mesenchymal
stem
(MSCs),
subsequently
increase
formation.
Once
polarization
imbalanced,
resulting
dysregulation
will
cause
inflammatory
stimulation,
release
large
amount
factors
affecting
metabolism,
leading
conditions
such
osteoporosis
(OP),
rheumatoid
arthritis
(RA),
steroid-induced
femoral
head
necrosis
(SANFH).
In
this
review,
we
introduce
pathways
related
macrophage
polarization,
well
their
relationships
with
OB,
OC,
MSC.
We
discuss
diseases
imbalance,
regulating
them,
which
may
help
develop
new
methods
for
treating
metabolic
disorders.
Keywords:
macrophage,
Journal of Hematology & Oncology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(1)
Published: June 11, 2024
Abstract
Macrophages
infiltrating
tumour
tissues
or
residing
in
the
microenvironment
of
solid
tumours
are
known
as
tumour-associated
macrophages
(TAMs).
These
specialized
immune
cells
play
crucial
roles
growth,
angiogenesis,
regulation,
metastasis,
and
chemoresistance.
TAMs
encompass
various
subpopulations,
primarily
classified
into
M1
M2
subtypes
based
on
their
differentiation
activities.
macrophages,
characterized
by
a
pro-inflammatory
phenotype,
exert
anti-tumoural
effects,
while
with
an
anti-inflammatory
function
protumoural
regulators.
highly
versatile
respond
to
stimuli
from
other
constituents
within
(TME),
such
growth
factors,
cytokines,
chemokines,
enzymes.
induce
polarization
towards
one
phenotype
another,
leading
complex
interactions
TME
components
influencing
both
pro-tumour
anti-tumour
processes.
This
review
comprehensively
deeply
covers
literature
origin
well
intricate
interplay
between
TME,
dual
nature
promoting
pro-
Moreover,
delves
primary
pathways
implicated
macrophage
polarization,
examining
diverse
that
regulate
this
process.
role
shaping
functions
macrophages.
In
addition,
advantages
limitations
current
clinical
interventions
reviewed,
including
enhancing
TAM
phagocytosis,
inducing
exhaustion,
inhibiting
recruitment,
polarizing
M1-like
phenotype.
conclusion,
treatment
strategies
targeting
precision
medicine
show
promise,
overcoming
several
obstacles
is
still
necessary
achieve
accessible
efficient
immunotherapy.
Vaccines,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(3), P. 687 - 687
Published: March 17, 2023
Rheumatoid
arthritis
(RA)
is
a
chronic
inflammatory
joint
disorder
that
causes
systemic
inflammation,
autoimmunity,
and
abnormalities
result
in
permanent
disability.
Exosomes
are
nanosized
extracellular
particles
found
mammals
(40–100
nm).
They
transporter
of
lipids,
proteins,
genetic
material
involved
mammalian
cell–cell
signaling,
biological
processes,
cell
signaling.
have
been
identified
as
playing
role
rheumatoid
arthritis-related
inflammation
(RA).
Uniquely
functioning
vesicles
(EVs)
responsible
for
the
transport
autoantigens
mediators
between
distant
cells.
In
addition,
paracrine
factors,
such
exosomes,
modulate
immunomodulatory
function
mesenchymal
stem
cells
(MSCs).
addition
to
transporting
information,
exosomes
convey
miRNAs
studied
drug
delivery
vehicles.
animal
models,
it
has
observed
MSCs
secrete
EVs
with
properties,
promising
results
this
area.
By
understanding
diversity
exosomal
contents
their
corresponding
targets,
may
be
possible
diagnose
autoimmune
diseases.
can
employed
diagnostic
biomarkers
immunological
disorders.
We
here
discuss
most
recent
findings
regarding
diagnostic,
prognostic,
therapeutic
potential
these
nanoparticles
provide
an
overview
evidence
pertaining
biology
RA.
International Journal of Nanomedicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 18, P. 4751 - 4778
Published: Aug. 1, 2023
Abstract:
Exosomes,
as
natural
nanocarriers,
characterized
with
low
immunogenicity,
non-cytotoxicity
and
targeted
delivery
capability,
which
have
advantages
over
synthetic
nanocarriers.
Recently,
exosomes
shown
great
potential
diagnostic
markers
for
diseases
are
also
considered
a
promising
cell-free
therapy.
Engineered
significantly
enhanced
the
efficacy
precision
of
delivering
therapeutic
agents,
currently
being
extensively
employed
in
investigations
various
ailments,
including
oncology,
inflammatory
disorders,
degenerative
conditions.
Particularly,
engineered
enable
agent
loading,
modification,
evasion
MPS
phagocytosis,
intelligent
control,
bioimaging,
been
developed
multifunctional
nano-delivery
platforms
recent
years.
The
utilization
bioactive
scaffolds
that
loaded
exosome
has
to
substantially
augment
retention,
extend
release,
enhance
efficacy.
This
approach
advanced
from
conventional
hydrogels
nanocomposite
hydrogels,
nanofiber
3D
printing,
resulting
superior
physical
biological
properties
effectively
address
limitations
scaffolds.
Additionally,
plant-derived
exosomes,
can
participate
gut
flora
remodeling
via
oral
administration,
an
ideal
platform
treatment
intestinal
diseases.
Consequently,
there
is
interest
nanocarriers
applications.
comprehensive
review
provides
overview
biogenesis,
composition,
isolation
methods
exosomes.
it
examines
pathological
mechanisms
diseases,
tumors,
Furthermore,
this
highlights
significance
microbial-derived
Strategies
specific
applications
scaffold-loaded
further
summarized,
especially
some
new
techniques
such
large-scale
loading
technique,
macromolecular
development
nano-scaffold-loaded
delivery.
benefits
using
gut-related
discussed.
challenges,
opportunities,
prospects
exosome-based
disease
diagnosis
summarized
both
preclinical
clinical
viewpoints.
Keywords:
diagnosis,
Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(4), P. 1127 - 1127
Published: April 3, 2023
In
recent
years,
there
has
been
an
increase
in
deaths
due
to
infectious
diseases,
most
notably
the
context
of
viral
respiratory
pathogens.
Consequently,
focus
shifted
search
for
new
therapies,
with
attention
being
drawn
use
nanoparticles
mRNA
vaccines
targeted
delivery
improve
efficacy
these
vaccines.
Notably,
vaccine
technologies
denote
as
a
era
vaccination
their
rapid,
potentially
inexpensive,
and
scalable
development.
Although
they
do
not
pose
risk
integration
into
genome
are
produced
from
elements,
challenges,
including
exposing
naked
mRNAs
extracellular
endonucleases.
Therefore,
development
nanotechnology,
we
can
further
efficacy.
Nanoparticles,
nanometer
dimensions,
move
more
freely
body
and,
small
size,
have
unique
physical
chemical
properties.
The
best
candidates
transfer
lipid
(LNPs),
which
stable
biocompatible
contain
four
components:
cationic
lipids,
ionizable
polyethylene
glycols
(PEGs),
cholesterol,
used
facilitate
cytoplasmic
delivery.
this
article,
components
system
mRNA-LNP
against
lung
infections
such
influenza,
coronavirus,
syncytial
virus
reviewed.
Moreover,
provide
succinct
overview
current
challenges
potential
future
directions
field.
Biomedicines,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
12(1), P. 123 - 123
Published: Jan. 7, 2024
Lung
cancer
demands
innovative
approaches
for
early
detection
and
targeted
treatment.
In
addressing
this
urgent
need,
exosomes
play
a
pivotal
role
in
revolutionizing
both
the
treatment
of
lung
cancer.
Their
remarkable
capacity
to
encapsulate
diverse
range
biomolecules,
traverse
biological
barriers,
be
engineered
with
specific
targeting
molecules
makes
them
highly
promising
diagnostic
markers
precise
drug
delivery
cells.
Furthermore,
an
in-depth
analysis
exosomal
content
biogenesis
offers
crucial
insights
into
molecular
profile
tumors.
This
knowledge
holds
significant
potential
development
therapies
strategies
Despite
notable
progress
field,
challenges
standardization
cargo
loading
persist.
Collaborative
research
efforts
are
imperative
maximize
advance
field
precision
medicine
benefit
patients.
Clinical Medicine Insights Oncology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
18
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Small
extracellular
vesicles
called
exosomes
are
produced
by
cells
and
contain
a
range
of
biomolecules,
including
proteins,
lipids,
nucleic
acids.
Exosomes
have
been
implicated
in
the
development
spread
cancer,
recent
studies
shown
that
their
contents
may
be
exploited
as
biomarkers
for
early
detection
ongoing
surveillance
disease.
In
this
review
article,
we
summarize
current
knowledge
on
cancer.
We
discuss
various
methods
used
exosome
isolation
characterization,
well
different
types
biomolecules
found
within
relevant
cancer
diagnosis
prognosis.
also
highlight
demonstrated
utility
exosomal
such
lung
breast
pancreatic
Overall,
show
great
promise
noninvasive
monitoring.
ability
to
transform
diagnostic
therapeutic
paradigms,
providing
more
efficient
individualized.
This
seeks
serve
an
inspiration
new
ideas
research
never-ending
fight
against
Moreover,
further
needed
validate
clinical
establish
standardized
protocols
analysis.
With
continued
development,
potential
revolutionize
treatment.
