Microorganisms,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
9(11), P. 2212 - 2212
Published: Oct. 25, 2021
Integrons
were
first
identified
because
of
their
central
role
in
assembling
and
disseminating
antibiotic
resistance
genes
commensal
pathogenic
bacteria.
However,
these
clinically
relevant
integrons
represent
only
a
small
proportion
integron
diversity.
are
now
known
to
be
ancient
genetic
elements
that
hotspots
for
genomic
diversity,
helping
generate
adaptive
phenotypes.
This
perspective
examines
the
functions,
activities
within
both
natural
clinical
environments.
We
show
how
fundamental
properties
exquisitely
pre-adapted
them
respond
selection
pressures
imposed
by
human
use
antimicrobial
compounds.
then
follow
extraordinary
increase
abundance
one
class
(class
1)
has
resulted
from
its
acquisition
multiple
mobile
elements,
subsequent
colonisation
diverse
bacterial
species,
wide
range
animal
hosts.
Consequently,
this
become
significant
pollutant
own
right,
extent
it
can
detected
most
ecosystems.
As
continue
drive
environmental
instability,
will
likely
play
key
roles
adaptation
settings.
Understanding
ecological
evolutionary
dynamics
help
us
predict
shape
outcomes
have
direct
relevance
ecosystem
health.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
50(19), P. 2016 - 2059
Published: Dec. 3, 2019
Aquatic
environments
are
identified
as
an
ideal
setting
for
acquisition
and
dissemination
of
antibiotic
resistance,
human
exposure
to
resistant
bacteria
(ARB)
resistance
genes
(ARGs)
in
aquatic
may
pose
additional
health
risk.
Quantitative
microbial
risk
assessment
(QMRA)
has
been
suggested
a
suitable
method
evaluate
quantify
this
However,
information
about
the
ARB
ARGs
is
lacking
many
scenarios
dose-response
models
regarding
infections
not
developed
yet.
This
review
summarizes
current
knowledge
highlights
challenging
questions
remaining
be
answered
better
forecast
risks
caused
by
water
environments.
The
include
what
missing
needed
exposing
environments?
markers
ARB/ARGs
contamination
how
frequently
do
ARG
selection
propagation
occur
there
any
unknown
hot
spots?
Studies
on
above
topics
will
contribute
management
its
health.Abbreviations3GC3rd
generation
cephalosporinsARBAntibiotic
bacteriaARGAntibiotic
geneCFUColony
forming
unitDBPDisinfection
by-productseDNAExtracellular
DNAEPSExtracellular
polymeric
substancesHGTHorizontal
gene
transferISCRInsertion
sequence
common
regionMARMultiple
resistantMICMinimum
inhibitory
concentrationMGEMobile
genetic
elementsMSWMunicipal
solid
wasteQMRAQuantitative
assessmentVBNCViable
but
non-culturableWWTPWastewater
treatment
plant
Environment International,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
117, P. 132 - 138
Published: May 7, 2018
There
is
growing
understanding
that
the
environment
plays
an
important
role
both
in
transmission
of
antibiotic
resistant
pathogens
and
their
evolution.
Accordingly,
researchers
stakeholders
world-wide
seek
to
further
explore
mechanisms
drivers
involved,
quantify
risks
identify
suitable
interventions.
a
clear
value
establishing
research
needs
coordinating
efforts
within
across
nations
order
best
tackle
this
global
challenge.
At
international
workshop
late
September
2017,
scientists
from
14
countries
with
expertise
on
environmental
dimensions
resistance
gathered
define
critical
knowledge
gaps.
Four
key
areas
were
identified
where
urgently
needed:
1)
relative
contributions
different
sources
antibiotics
bacteria
into
environment;
2)
environment,
particularly
anthropogenic
inputs,
evolution
resistance;
3)
overall
human
animal
health
impacts
caused
by
exposure
bacteria;
4)
efficacy
feasibility
technological,
social,
economic
behavioral
interventions
mitigate
resistance.1.
Environment International,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
130, P. 104880 - 104880
Published: June 17, 2019
Environmental
surveillance
of
antibiotics
and
antibiotic
resistance
could
contribute
toward
the
protection
human,
animal
ecosystem
health.
However,
justification
for
choice
markers
sampling
sites
that
informs
about
different
risk
scenarios
is
often
lacking.
Here,
we
define
five
fundamentally
objectives
in
environment.
The
first
objective
(1)
to
address
transmission
already
antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
humans
via
environmental
routes.
second
(2)
accelerating
evolution
pathogens
through
pollution
with
selective
agents
human
or
origin.
third
(3)
risks
pose
aquatic
terrestrial
health,
including
effects
on
functions
services.
two
final
overlap
those
traditional
clinical
surveillance,
namely,
identify
(4)
population-level
prevalence
(5)
use.
latter
have
particular
potential
countries
where
data
consumption
are
scarce
absent.
For
each
objective,
levels
evidence
provided
by
phenotypic
genotypic
microbial
markers,
as
well
residues,
discussed
evaluated
a
conceptual
level.
Furthermore,
monitoring
would
be
particularly
informative
identified.
proposed
framework
one
starting
points
guiding
various
spatiotemporal
scales,
harmonizing
such
activities
existing
systems.
Frontiers in Environmental Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: April 28, 2022
The
manuscript
endeavors
to
provide
a
perspective
on
the
role
of
water
bodies
in
spread
antimicrobial
(antibiotic)
resistance
(AMR),
resistant
bacteria
(ARB),
and
genes
(ARGs)
among
pathogens,
animals,
humans.
We
briefly
indicate
how
AMR
problem
is
globally
affecting
public
health,
along
with
strategies
mechanisms
combat
dissemination
ARB
ARGs.
A
brief
systematic
survey
literature
(2015-onwards)
for
presence
residues
occurrence
ARGs
microorganisms
different
bodies/sources
indicates
gravity
situation
suggests
their
important
AMR,
ARB,
prevalent
treatment
methods
which
tend
reduce
from
resources
are
unable
remove
them
completely,
allowing
continue
organisms
concern.
In
this
opinion
article,
we
attempt
underline
key
controlling
release/discharge
contaminants
buildup
checking
development
AMR.
reduction
release
antibiotic
environment,
especially
bodies,
combined
improved
surveillance
means
efficacious
treatment/removal/decomposition
could
help
curb
menace
effectively.
suggest
expansion
ambit
‘One
Health
Approach
crises
proposed
by
World
Bank,
2021
include
‘reduction
contamination
environment’
as
‘seventh
domain’
activity
effectively
achieve
its
objective.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: July 7, 2023
Abstract
The
sulfonamides
(sulfas)
are
the
oldest
class
of
antibacterial
drugs
and
inhibit
bacterial
dihydropteroate
synthase
(DHPS,
encoded
by
folP
),
through
chemical
mimicry
its
co-substrate
p
-aminobenzoic
acid
(
ABA).
Resistance
to
sulfa
is
mediated
either
mutations
in
or
acquisition
sul
genes,
which
code
for
sulfa-insensitive,
divergent
DHPS
enzymes.
While
molecular
basis
resistance
well
understood,
mechanisms
mediating
-based
have
not
been
investigated
detail.
Here,
we
determine
crystal
structures
most
common
Sul
enzyme
types
(Sul1,
Sul2
Sul3)
multiple
ligand-bound
states,
revealing
a
substantial
reorganization
their
ABA-interaction
region
relative
corresponding
DHPS.
We
use
biochemical
biophysical
assays,
mutational
analysis,
trans
complementation
E.
coli
Δ
show
that
Phe-Gly
sequence
enables
enzymes
discriminate
against
sulfas
while
retaining
ABA
binding
necessary
broad
sulfonamides.
Experimental
evolution
results
strain
harboring
sulfa-resistant
variant
carries
insertion
active
site,
recapitulating
this
mechanism.
also
possess
increased
site
conformational
dynamics
DHPS,
could
contribute
substrate
discrimination.
Our
reveal
foundation
Sul-mediated
drug
facilitate
potential
development
new
less
prone
resistance.