Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Drugs, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 82(12), P. 1251 - 1276

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

Acute pancreatitis is a common indication for hospital admission, increasing in incidence, including children, pregnancy and the elderly. Moderately severe acute with fluid and/or necrotic collections causes substantial morbidity, disease persistent organ failure significant mortality. The diagnosis requires two of upper abdominal pain, amylase/lipase ≥ 3 ×upper limit normal, cross-sectional imaging findings. Gallstones ethanol predominate while hypertriglyceridaemia drugs are notable among many causes. Serum triglycerides, full blood count, renal liver function tests, glucose, calcium, transabdominal ultrasound, chest indicated, if there diagnostic uncertainty. Subsequent undertaken to detect complications, example, C-reactive protein exceeds 150 mg/L, or rarer aetiologies. Pancreatic intracellular calcium overload, mitochondrial impairment, inflammatory responses critical pathogenesis, targeted current treatment trials, which crucially important as no internationally licenced drug treat prevent complications. Initial priorities intravenous resuscitation, analgesia, enteral nutrition, when necessary, care support, parenteral antibiotics, pancreatic exocrine endocrine replacement therapy; all may have adverse effects. Patients local complications should be referred specialist tertiary centres guide further management, include drainage necrosectomy. impact can devastating, so prevention reduction risk recurrence progression chronic an increased pancreas cancer proactive management that long term some patients.

Language: Английский

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Cellular infiltration in traumatic brain injury

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Nov. 3, 2020

Abstract Traumatic brain injury leads to cellular damage which in turn results the rapid release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that prompt resident cells cytokines and chemokines. These rapidly recruit neutrophils, assist limiting spread removing debris. Microglia continuously survey CNS (central nervous system) compartment identify structural abnormalities neurons contributing response. After some days, when neutrophil numbers start decline, activated microglia astrocytes assemble at site—segregating injured tissue from healthy facilitating restorative processes. Monocytes infiltrate site produce chemokines successively extend their processes towards monocytes during recovery phase. In this fashion, infiltration serves help repair brain. Neurons also moderate inflammation via downregulation cytotoxic inflammation. Depending on severity injury, T B can be recruited pathology sites later time points.

Language: Английский

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Bacteriocins: An Overview of Antimicrobial, Toxicity, and Biosafety Assessment by in vivo Models

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 15, 2021

The world is facing a significant increase in infections caused by drug-resistant infectious agents. In response, various strategies have been recently explored to treat them, including the development of bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are group antimicrobial peptides produced bacteria, capable controlling clinically relevant susceptible and bacteria. studied be able modify improve their physicochemical properties, pharmacological effects, biosafety. This manuscript focuses on research being developed biosafety bacteriocins, which topic that has not addressed extensively previous reviews. work discusses studies tested effect bacteriocins against pathogens assess toxicity using vivo models, murine other alternative animal models. Thus, this concludes urgency advance models both efficacy as agents evaluate possible side key factors determine success potential therapeutic fight multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

Language: Английский

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Nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy

Journal of Hematology & Oncology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: April 2, 2024

Abstract Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development have significantly improved the fight against cancers. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in clinical delivery of immunomodulatory compounds. The tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising macrophages, fibroblasts, immune cells, plays a crucial role response modulation. Nanoparticles, engineered to reshape TME, shown promising results enhancing by facilitating targeted These nanoparticles can suppress fibroblast activation, promote M1 macrophage polarization, aid dendritic cell maturation, encourage T infiltration. Biomimetic further enhance increasing internalization agents cells such as cells. Moreover, exosomes, whether naturally secreted body or bioengineered, been explored regulate TME immune-related affect cancer immunotherapy. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, activated pH, redox, light conditions, exhibit potential accelerate co-application with checkpoint inhibitors is an emerging strategy boost anti-tumor immunity. With their ability induce long-term immunity, nanoarchitectures are structures development. This review underscores critical overcoming current driving advancement modification.

Language: Английский

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NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cytokine production and pyroptosis cell death in breast cancer

Journal of Biomedical Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 28(1)

Published: April 12, 2021

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed malignancy in women. Increasing evidence has highlighted importance of chronic inflammation at local and/or systemic level breast pathobiology, influencing its progression, metastatic potential and therapeutic outcome by altering tumor immune microenvironment. These processes are mediated a variety cytokines, chemokines growth factors that exert their biological functions either locally or distantly. Inflammasomes protein signaling complexes form response to damage- pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS PAMPS), triggering release pro-inflammatory cytokines. The dysregulation inflammasome activation can lead development inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, cancer. A crucial pathway leading acute occurs through NLRP3 followed caspase 1-dependent IL-1β IL-18 as well as, gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. In this review we focus on role components signaling, highlighting more detailed understanding clinical relevance these pathways could significantly contribute novel strategies for

Language: Английский

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Neuroinflammation, Sleep, and Circadian Rhythms

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: March 22, 2022

Molecules involved in innate immunity affect sleep and circadian oscillators vice versa. Sleep-inducing inflammatory molecules are activated by increased waking activity pathogens. Pathologies that alter molecules, such as traumatic brain injury, cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke often associated with disturbed electroencephalogram power spectra. Moreover, disorders, insomnia disordered breathing, dysregulation of processes. Inflammatory both the central nervous system periphery can sleep. Inflammation also modulate cerebral vascular hemodynamics which is alterations However, further research needed to determine interactions regulatory clocks. The purpose this review to: 1) describe role cytokines interleukin-1 beta tumor necrosis factor-alpha nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein-3 inflammasomes regulation, 2) discuss relationship between vagus nerve translating signals sleep, 3) present information about during

Language: Английский

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Crosstalk of Inflammatory Cytokines within the Breast Tumor Microenvironment

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 4002 - 4002

Published: Feb. 16, 2023

Several immune and immunocompetent cells, including dendritic macrophages, adipocytes, natural killer T B are significantly correlated with the complex discipline of oncology. Cytotoxic innate adaptive cells can block tumor proliferation, others prevent system from rejecting malignant provide a favorable environment for progression. These communicate microenvironment through cytokines, chemical messenger, in an endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine manner. cytokines play important role health disease, particularly host responses to infection inflammation. They include chemokines, interleukins (ILs), adipokines, interferons, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), necrosis factor (TNF), which produced by wide range such as B-cells, T-cells, mast well endothelial fibroblasts, variety stromal some cancer cells. Cytokines crucial cancer-related inflammation, direct indirect effects on antagonistic promoting functions. have been extensively researched immunostimulatory mediators promote generation, migration recruitment that contribute effective antitumor response pro-tumor microenvironment. Thus, many cancers breast cancer, leptin, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, IL-17, IL-10 stimulate while IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, inhibit proliferation and/or invasion enhance body's anti-tumor defense. Indeed, multifactorial functions tumorigenesis will advance our understanding cytokine crosstalk pathways microenvironment, JAK/STAT, PI3K, AKT, Rac, MAPK, NF-κB, JunB, cFos, mTOR, involved angiogenesis, metastasis. Accordingly, targeting blocking tumor-promoting activating amplifying tumor-inhibiting considered cancer-directed therapies. Here, we focus inflammatory pro- responses, discuss anti-cancer therapeutic applications.

Language: Английский

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Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: Implications of inflammation and oxidative stress

World Journal of Diabetes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 130 - 146

Published: March 15, 2023

Insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction are major pathological mechanisms implicated in the development progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Beyond detrimental effects insulin resistance, inflammation oxidative stress have emerged as critical features T2D that define dysfunction. Predominant markers such C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β consistently associated with failure preclinical models people T2D. Similarly, important stress, increased reactive oxygen species depleted intracellular antioxidants, consistent damage conditions Such illustrate a relationship between an abnormal inflammatory response generation during The current review explores clinical research on patho-logical implications Moreover, molecular relevant biomarkers involved this process discussed to divulge link Underpinning relevance review, systematic analysis evidence from randomized controlled trials is covered, potential therapeutic some commonly used antidiabetic agents modulating makers improve function.

Language: Английский

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Regulation of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Cells, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. 2340 - 2340

Published: Sept. 7, 2021

Hypoxia and inflammation are frequently co-incidental features of the tissue microenvironment in a wide range inflammatory diseases. While impact hypoxia on pathways immune cells has been well characterized, less is known about how stimuli such as cytokines upon canonical hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, master regulator cellular response to hypoxia. In this review, we discuss what two major pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), regulation HIF-dependent signaling at sites inflammation. We report extensive evidence for these directly impacting HIF through transcriptional post-translational levels. conclude that multi-level crosstalk between hypoxic plays an important role shaping nature degree occurring sites.

Language: Английский

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Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 13 - 13

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Interleukins (ILs) are signaling molecules that crucial in regulating immune responses during infectious diseases. Pro-inflammatory ILs contribute to the activation and recruitment of cells, whereas anti-inflammatory help suppress excessive inflammation promote tissue repair. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview role pro-inflammatory diseases, with focus on mechanisms underlying their effects, diagnostic therapeutic potential, emerging trends IL-based therapies.

Language: Английский

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