Differential susceptibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 in animals: Evidence of ACE2 host receptor distribution in companion animals, livestock and wildlife by immunohistochemical characterisation

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 69(4), P. 2275 - 2286

Published: July 10, 2021

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a host cell membrane protein (receptor) that mediates the binding of coronavirus, most notably SARS coronaviruses in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly confined to humans, there have been numerous incidents spillback (reverse zoonoses) domestic captive animals. An absence information on spatial distribution ACE2 animal tissues limits our understanding species susceptibility. Here, we describe using immunohistochemistry (IHC) histological sections derived from carnivores, ungulates, primates chiroptera. Comparison mink (Neovison vison) ferret (Mustela putorius furo) tracts showed substantial differences, demonstrating present lower tract but not ferrets. The presence some was much more restricted as indicated by limited immunolabelling nasal turbinate, trachea lungs cats (Felis catus) only turbinate golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). In other species, could be detected bronchiolar epithelium sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), European badger (Meles meles), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), tiger lion (Panthera spp.). addition, mucosa serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) pig (Sus scrofa domestica), or sheep. intestine, seen microvillus enterocytes (surface intestine) across various taxa. These results provide anatomical evidence expression number which will enable further susceptibility tissue tropism receptor-mediated viral infection.

Language: Английский

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Investigating the Presence of SARS CoV-2 in Free-Living and Captive Animals

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 635 - 635

Published: May 21, 2021

Due to SARS CoV-2 recombination rates, number of infected people and recent reports environmental contamination, the possibility transmission animals can be expected. We tested samples dominant free-living captive wildlife species in Croatia for presence anti-SARS antibodies viral RNA. In total, from June 2020 until February 2021, we blood, muscle extract fecal 422 wild boars (Sus scrofa), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) jackals (Canis aureus); blood cloacal swabs 111 yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) 32 zoo animals. A commercially available ELISA (ID.Vet, France) as a confirmatory test, surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT; GenScript, Netherlands) were used. Fecal RNA by real-time RT-PCR protocol. Fifteen out 533 (2.8%) positive results detected; (3.9%), (2.9%) (4.6%). However, findings not confirmed sVNT. No was found. conclusion, no spillover occurred within investigated period (second COVID-19 wave). further investigation is needed, especially regarding sample features serological tests.

Language: Английский

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Large‐scale study on virological and serological prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in cats and dogs in Spain

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 69(4)

Published: Nov. 1, 2021

The disease produced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently one of primary concerns worldwide. Knowing zoonotic origin and that several animal species, including dogs cats, are susceptible to viral infection, it critical assess relevance pets in this pandemic. Here, we performed a large-scale study on SARS-CoV-2 serological prevalence cats Spain order elucidate their role susceptibility. Samples from animals contact with COVID-19 positive people and/or compatible symptoms (n = 492), as well random 1024), were taken. Despite large number analyzed, only 12 (eight four cats), which represents 0.79% total analyzed 1516), for RNA detection reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) isolation was possible animals. We detected neutralizing antibodies 34 animals, them also PCR. This evidences infection natural conditions but at low level, evidenced percentage detected, being infected humans main source infection. However, inclusion surveillance still recommended.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals

Virulence, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 2777 - 2786

Published: Oct. 26, 2021

Several animal species, including ferrets, hamsters, monkeys, and raccoon dogs, have been shown to be susceptible experimental infection by the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2, which were responsible for 2003 SARS outbreak 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, respectively. Emerging studies that SARS-CoV-2 natural of pet dogs cats is also possible, but its prevalence not fully understood. Experimentally, it has demonstrated replicates more efficiently in than can transmit virus through aerosols. With approximately 470 million 370 cohabitating with their owners worldwide, finding these household pets important implications potential zoonotic transmission events during COVID-19 pandemic well future SARS-related outbreaks. Here, we describe some ongoing worldwide surveillance efforts assess exposure companion, captive, wild, farmed animals, provide perspectives on intra- inter-species transmissions, evolution, human-animal interface along public health. Some develop implement a new vaccine animals are discussed. Surveillance initiatives track exposures necessary accurately determine impact veterinary health, define reservoir sources evolutionary dynamics.

Language: Английский

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Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 414(9), P. 2903 - 2934

Published: Feb. 25, 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused COVID-19 pandemic has transmitted to humans in practically all parts of the world, producing socio-economic turmoil. There is an urgent need for precise, fast, and affordable diagnostic testing be widely available detecting SARS-CoV-2 its mutations various phases disease. Early diagnosis with great precision been achieved using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) similar other molecular methods, but theseapproaches are costly involve rigorous processes that not easily obtainable. Conversely, immunoassays detect a small number antibodies have employed quick, low-cost tests, their efficiency diagnosing infected people restricted. use biosensors detection vital pandemic's control. This review gives overview approaches currently being developed as well nanomaterial-based biosensor technologies, aid future technological advancement innovation. These can integrated into point-of-care (POC) devices quickly identify large patients asymptomatic carriers. ongoing research endeavors developments complementary technologies will play significant role curbing spread fill knowledge gaps current accuracy capacity.

Language: Английский

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Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Free-Ranging Black-Tailed Marmoset (Mico melanurus) from an Urban Area in Mid-West Brazil

Journal of Comparative Pathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 194, P. 22 - 27

Published: April 25, 2022

Language: Английский

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Effects of Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern on Human or Animal ACE2-Mediated Virus Entry and Neutralization

Microbiology Spectrum, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(3)

Published: May 31, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a zoonotic agent capable of infecting humans and wide range animal species. Over the duration pandemic, mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein have arisen, culminating spread several variants concern (VOCs) with various degrees altered virulence, transmissibility, neutralizing antibody escape. In this study, we used pseudoviruses that express specific S substitutions cell lines angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) from nine different species to gain insights into effects VOC on viral entry neutralization capability. All ACE2 receptors tested, except mink, support for expressing ancestral prototype at levels comparable human ACE2. Most single did not significantly change virus entry, although 614G 484K resulted decreased efficiency. Conversely, combinatorial were associated increased pseudoviruses. Neutralizing titers sera reduced against proteins Beta, Delta, or Omicron VOCs compared parental protein. Especially, variant sera. This study reveals important host effect recently emergent replication, antibody-mediated neutralization.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary rate of SARS-CoV-2 increases during zoonotic infection of farmed mink

Virus Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Abstract To investigate genetic signatures of adaptation to the mink host, we characterised evolutionary rate heterogeneity in mink-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2). In 2020, first detected anthropozoonotic spillover event SARS-CoV-2 occurred farms throughout Europe and North America. Both spill-back lineages into human population spread surrounding wildlife were reported, highlighting potential formation a zoonotic reservoir. Our findings suggest that underwent an episodic increase upon introduction host before returning normal range observed humans. Furthermore, could have circulated for month detection, during this period, estimates between 3 × 10–3 1.05 10–2 (95 per cent HPD, with mean 6.59 10–3) four- thirteen-fold compared As there is evidence unique mutational patterns within lineages, explored emergence four mink-specific Spike protein amino acid substitutions Y453F, S1147L, F486L, Q314K. We found mutation Y453F emerged early multiple outbreaks mutations F486L Q314K may co-occur. undergoes brief, but considerable, response greater selective pressures species jumps, which lead occurrence mutations. These emphasise necessity ongoing surveillance infections future.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 infection in brown-headed spider monkeys ( Ateles fusciceps ) at a wildlife rescue center on the coast of Ecuador—South America

Microbiology Spectrum, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(4)

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

ABSTRACT Human populations can be affected in unpredictable ways by the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic was a reminder how devastating these events if left unchecked. However, once they have globally, impact diseases when entering non-exposed wildlife is unknown. current study reports infection brown-headed spider monkeys ( Ateles fusciceps ) at rescue center Ecuador. Four were hospitalized, all tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) RT-qPCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR). Fecal samples n = 12) from also positive; three zookeepers responsible feeding deworming positive, suggesting human-animal transmission. Whole genome sequencing identified most samples’ omicron clade 22B BA.5 lineage. These findings highlight threat posed an emerging species importance preventing spillover spillback during epidemic or events. IMPORTANCE Although has been primarily contained humans through widespread vaccination, incidence coronavirus) its transmission epidemiology may need to addressed. In some natural environments, proximity animals difficult control, creating perfect scenarios where susceptible acquire virus humans. places, it essential understand occur develop protocols prevent infection. This with SARS-CoV-2, red-listed monkey species, recovery indicating potential between primates such future.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for domestic and captive animals: An effort to counter COVID-19 pandemic at the human-animal interface

Vaccine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 39(49), P. 7119 - 7122

Published: Nov. 6, 2021

Language: Английский

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