American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
180(3), P. 186 - 203
Published: Feb. 6, 2019
Abstract
Schizophrenia
(SCZ)
and
major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
in
treatment‐naive
patients
are
associated
with
increased
risk
for
type
2
diabetes
(T2D)
metabolic
syndrome
(MetS).
SCZ,
MDD,
T2D,
MetS
often
comorbid
their
comorbidity
increases
cardiovascular
risk:
Some
genes
likely
co‐shared
by
them.
For
instance,
transcription
factor
7‐like
(
TCF7L2
)
proteasome
26S
subunit,
non‐ATPase
9
PSMD9
two
independently
reported
as
contributing
to
T2D
MDD
well.
However,
there
scarce
data
on
the
shared
genetic
among
and/or
MetS.
Here,
we
briefly
describe
MetS,
architecture.
Next,
report
separately
about
of
SCZ
respective
overlap.
We
propose
a
novel
hypothesis
that
prolactin
(PRL)‐pathway
may
be
implicated
these
disorders.
The
inherited
predisposition
psychoneuroendocrine
dysfunction
confer
illustrate
strategy
identify
variants
each
mental–metabolic
dysfunctions,
advocating
studies
genetically
homogeneous
phenotype‐rich
families.
results
will
guide
future
molecular
genetics
new
endophenotypes
impairment.
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
35(6), P. 851 - 905
Published: Aug. 20, 2014
Decidualization
denotes
the
transformation
of
endometrial
stromal
fibroblasts
into
specialized
secretory
decidual
cells
that
provide
a
nutritive
and
immunoprivileged
matrix
essential
for
embryo
implantation
placental
development.
In
contrast
to
most
mammals,
decidualization
human
endometrium
does
not
require
implantation.
Instead,
this
process
is
driven
by
postovulatory
rise
in
progesterone
levels
increasing
local
cAMP
production.
response
falling
levels,
spontaneous
causes
menstrual
shedding
cyclic
regeneration
endometrium.
A
growing
body
evidence
indicates
shift
from
embryonic
maternal
control
represents
pivotal
evolutionary
adaptation
challenge
posed
invasive
chromosomally
diverse
embryos.
This
concept
predicated
on
ability
decidualizing
respond
individual
embryos
manner
either
promotes
further
development
or
facilitates
early
rejection.
Furthermore,
menstruation
involves
stem
cell
recruitment
renders
intrinsically
capable
adapting
its
maximize
reproductive
success.
Here
we
review
endocrine,
paracrine,
autocrine
cues
tightly
govern
differentiation
process.
activation
various
signaling
pathways
genome-wide
chromatin
remodeling,
evolutionarily
conserved
transcriptional
factors
gain
access
decidua-specific
regulatory
circuitry.
Once
initiated,
poised
transit
through
distinct
phenotypic
phases
underpin
receptivity,
selection,
and,
ultimately,
resolution
pregnancy.
We
discuss
how
disorders
subvert
programming,
initiation,
progression
compromise
health
predispose
pregnancy
failure.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
118(3), P. 318 - 323
Published: Nov. 13, 2009
Organophosphate
(OP)
compounds,
such
as
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)
phosphate
(TDCPP)
and
triphenyl
(TPP),
are
commonly
used
additive
flame
retardants
plasticizers
in
a
wide
range
of
materials.
Although
widespread
human
exposure
to
OP
is
likely,
there
lack
animal
data
on
potential
health
effects.We
explored
relationships
TDCPP
TPP
concentrations
house
dust
with
hormone
levels
semen
quality
parameters.We
analyzed
from
50
men
recruited
through
U.S.
infertility
clinic
for
TPP.
Relationships
reproductive
thyroid
levels,
well
parameters,
were
assessed
using
crude
multivariable
linear
regression.TDCPP
detected
96%
98%
samples,
respectively,
widely
varying
up
1.8
mg/g.
In
models
adjusted
age
body
mass
index,
an
interquartile
(IQR)
increase
was
associated
3%
[95%
confidence
interval
(CI),
5%
1%)
decline
free
thyroxine
17%
(95%
CI,
432%)
prolactin.
There
suggestive
inverse
association
between
androgen
index
that
became
less
evident
models.
the
models,
IQR
10%
219%)
prolactin
19%
30%
5%)
decrease
sperm
concentration.OP
may
be
altered
decreased
men.
More
research
sources
outcomes
needed.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
Journal Year:
2008,
Volume and Issue:
116(12), P. 1642 - 1647
Published: Aug. 14, 2008
The
incidence
of
obesity
has
risen
dramatically
over
the
last
few
decades.
This
epidemic
may
be
affected
by
exposure
to
xenobiotic
chemicals.
Bisphenol
A
(BPA),
an
endocrine
disruptor,
is
detectable
at
nanomolar
levels
in
human
serum
worldwide.
Adiponectin
adipocyte-specific
hormone
that
increases
insulin
sensitivity
and
reduces
tissue
inflammation.
Thus,
any
factor
suppresses
adiponectin
release
could
lead
resistance
increased
susceptibility
obesity-associated
diseases.In
this
study
we
aimed
compare
a)
effects
low
doses
BPA
estradiol
(E(2))
on
secretion
from
breast,
subcutaneous,
visceral
adipose
explants
mature
adipocytes,
b)
expression
putative
estrogen
estrogen-related
receptors
(ERRs)
these
tissues.We
determined
conditioned
media
or
adipocytes
enzyme-linked
immunosorbant
assay.
We
(ERs)
alpha
beta,
G-protein-coupled
receptor
30
(GPR30),
ERRs
alpha,
gamma
quantitative
real-time
polymerase
chain
reaction.BPA
0.1
1
nM
suppressed
all
depots
examined.
Despite
substantial
variability
among
patients,
was
as
effective,
often
more
than
equimolar
concentrations
E(2).
Adipose
expresses
similar
mRNA
ERalpha,
ERbeta,
ERRgamma,
20-
30-fold
lower
GPR30,
ERRalpha,
ERRbeta.BPA
environmentally
relevant
inhibits
a
key
adipokine
protects
humans
metabolic
syndrome.
mechanism
which
involved
remains
determined.
Journal of Neuroendocrinology,
Journal Year:
2008,
Volume and Issue:
20(6), P. 752 - 763
Published: June 1, 2008
The
neuroendocrine
control
of
prolactin
secretion
is
unlike
that
any
other
pituitary
hormone.
It
predominantly
inhibited
by
the
hypothalamus
and,
in
absence
a
regulatory
feedback
hormone,
it
acts
directly
brain
to
suppress
its
own
secretion.
In
addition
this
short‐loop
action
brain,
has
been
reported
influence
wide
range
functions.
There
have
few
attempts
rationalise
why
single
hormone
might
exert
such
distinct
and
seemingly
unrelated
review,
we
highlight
some
original
studies
first
characterised
unusual
features
neuroendocrinology,
then
attempt
identify
areas
new
progress
and/or
controversy.
Finally,
discuss
hypothesis
provides
unifying
explanation
for
pleiotrophic
actions
brain.
Journal of Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
226(2), P. T101 - T122
Published: June 22, 2015
The
hypothalamic
control
of
prolactin
secretion
is
different
from
other
anterior
pituitary
hormones,
in
that
it
predominantly
inhibitory,
by
means
dopamine
the
tuberoinfundibular
neurons.
In
addition,
does
not
have
an
endocrine
target
tissue,
and
therefore
lacks
classical
feedback
pathway
to
regulate
its
secretion.
Instead,
regulated
short
loop
feedback,
whereby
itself
acts
brain
stimulate
production
thereby
inhibit
own
Finally,
despite
relatively
simple
name,
has
a
broad
range
functions
body,
addition
defining
role
promoting
lactation.
As
such,
hypothalamo-prolactin
axis
many
characteristics
are
quite
distinct
hypothalamo-pituitary
systems.
This
review
will
provide
brief
overview
our
current
understanding
neuroendocrine
secretion,
particular
focusing
on
plasticity
evident
this
system,
which
keeps
at
low
levels
most
time,
but
enables
extended
periods
hyperprolactinemia
when
necessary
for
Key
beyond
milk
be
discussed,
particularly
inducing
adaptive
responses
multiple
systems
facilitate
lactation,
consequences
if
action
impaired.
A
feature
pleiotropic
activity
may
lactating
state
might
maladaptive
elevated
inappropriately.
Overall,
my
goal
give
flavour
both
history
field
neuroendocrinology,
identify
some
exciting
new
areas
research
development.
PLoS Biology,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
9(4), P. e1000607 - e1000607
Published: April 12, 2011
In
individual
mammalian
cells
the
expression
of
some
genes
such
as
prolactin
is
highly
variable
over
time
and
has
been
suggested
to
occur
in
stochastic
pulses.
To
investigate
origins
this
behavior
understand
its
functional
relevance,
we
quantitatively
analyzed
variability
using
new
mathematical
tools
that
allowed
us
reconstruct
dynamic
transcription
rates
different
reporter
controlled
by
identical
promoters
same
living
cell.
Quantitative
microscopic
analysis
two
genes,
firefly
luciferase
destabilized
EGFP,
was
used
analyze
dynamics
promoter-directed
gene
clonal
primary
pituitary
periods
up
25
h.
We
quantified
time-dependence
cyclicity
pulses
estimated
length
variation
active
inactive
phases.
showed
an
average
cycle
period
approximately
11
h
demonstrated
while
measured
distribution
phases
agreed
with
commonly
accepted
models
transcription,
were
differently
distributed
strong
memory,
a
refractory
transcriptional
inactivation
close
3
Cycles
occurred
at
distinct
prolactin-promoter
or
cells.
However,
timing
cycles
independent
out-of-phase.
For
first
time,
have
from
equivalent
loci
real-time
single
unstimulated
conditions,
each
locus.
A
key
result
these
analyses
evidence
for
minimum
inactive-phase
transcription.
The
response
acute
signals
manipulation
histone
acetylation
consistent
hypothesis
corresponded
phase
chromatin
remodeling
which
significantly
increased
cyclicity.
Stochastically
timed
bursts
apparently
random
subset
tissue
may
thus
produce
overall
coordinated
but
heterogeneous
phenotype
capable
responses
stimuli.
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: July 4, 2016
Evidence
suggests
that
the
hormonal
milieu
of
pregnancy
is
an
important
determinant
subsequent
cancer
and
other
chronic
diseases
in
both
mother
offspring.
Many
existing
maternity
birth
cohorts
include
specimens
drawn
only
once
during
pregnancy.
How
well
a
single
blood
specimen
collected
characterizes
exposure
to
these
hormones
throughout
gestation,
also
pregnancies,
not
understood.
We
used
serial
serum
samples
from
71
pregnant
women
(25
primiparous,
25
multiparous,
21
with
two
consecutive
pregnancies)
natural,
complication-free
pregnancies
healthy
offspring
at
term
who
participated
population-based
screening
trial
for
congenital
infections
Finland
between
January
1st,
1988
June
30,
1989
provided
sample
each
trimester.
Hormone
levels
were
more
strongly
correlated
trimesters
than
1st
3rd
trimester
(e.g.,
estradiol,
rT1
vs.
T2
=
0.51
rT2
T3
0.60,
p
<
0.01;
0.32,
0.05).
Concentrations
sRANKL
remained
stable
whereas
estrone,
progesterone,
testosterone,
prolactin,
osteoprotegerin
increased
First
hormone
concentrations
explained
less
variation
third
on
their
own
second
(e.g.
estradiol
R2
T1
16
%
42
%).
Addition
maternal
smoking)
and/or
child
characteristics
sex)
improved
accuracy
estimates
some
hormones.
One
measurement
early
pregnancy,
conjunction
fetal
characteristics,
permits
estimation
concentrations.
Therefore,
measurements
available
are
suitable
quantify
To
our
knowledge,
we
provide
first
data
correlations
across
as
pregnancies.