American Journal of Public Health,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
99(S3), P. S559 - S566
Published: Nov. 1, 2009
Bisphenol
A
(BPA),
a
synthetic
chemical
used
in
the
production
of
plastics
since
1950s
and
known
endocrine
disruptor,
is
ubiquitous
component
material
environment
human
body.
New
research
on
very-low-dose
exposure
to
BPA
suggests
an
association
with
adverse
health
effects,
including
breast
prostate
cancer,
obesity,
neurobehavioral
problems,
reproductive
abnormalities.
These
findings
challenge
long-standing
scientific
legal
presumption
BPA's
safety.
The
history
how
safety
was
defined
defended
provides
critical
insight
into
questions
now
facing
lawmakers
regulators:
safe,
if
not,
what
steps
must
be
taken
protect
public's
health?
Answers
both
involve
reforms
policy,
implications
beyond
BPA.
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
33(3), P. 378 - 455
Published: March 14, 2012
For
decades,
studies
of
endocrine-disrupting
chemicals
(EDCs)
have
challenged
traditional
concepts
in
toxicology,
particular
the
dogma
“the
dose
makes
poison,”
because
EDCs
can
effects
at
low
doses
that
are
not
predicted
by
higher
doses.
Here,
we
review
two
major
EDC
studies:
and
nonmonotonicity.
Low-dose
were
defined
National
Toxicology
Program
as
those
occur
range
human
exposures
or
observed
below
used
for
toxicological
studies.
We
mechanistic
data
low-dose
use
a
weight-of-evidence
approach
to
analyze
five
examples
from
literature.
Additionally,
explore
nonmonotonic
dose-response
curves,
nonlinear
relationship
between
effect
where
slope
curve
changes
sign
somewhere
within
examined.
provide
detailed
discussion
mechanisms
responsible
generating
these
phenomena,
plus
hundreds
cell
culture,
animal,
epidemiology
illustrate
responses
remarkably
common
natural
hormones
EDCs.
Whether
influence
certain
disorders
is
no
longer
conjecture,
epidemiological
show
environmental
associated
with
diseases
disabilities.
conclude
when
curves
occur,
cannot
be
high
Thus,
fundamental
chemical
testing
safety
determination
needed
protect
health.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
123(7), P. 643 - 650
Published: March 16, 2015
Increasing
concern
over
bisphenol
A
(BPA)
as
an
endocrine-disrupting
chemical
and
its
possible
effects
on
human
health
have
prompted
the
removal
of
BPA
from
consumer
products,
often
labeled
"BPA-free."
Some
replacements,
however,
are
also
bisphenols
may
similar
physiological
in
organisms.
Bisphenol
S
(BPS)
F
(BPF)
two
such
substitutes.This
review
was
carried
out
to
evaluate
endocrine
activities
substitutes
BPS
BPF.
Further,
we
compared
hormonal
potency
BPF
that
BPA.We
conducted
a
systematic
based
Office
Health
Assessment
Translation
(OHAT)
protocol.We
identified
body
literature
date,
consisting
32
studies
(25
vitro
only,
7
vivo).
The
majority
these
examined
found
their
be
same
order
magnitude
action
(estrogenic,
antiestrogenic,
androgenic,
antiandrogenic)
vivo.
has
potencies
estradiol
membrane-mediated
pathways,
which
important
for
cellular
actions
proliferation,
differentiation,
death.
showed
other
vivo,
altered
organ
weights,
reproductive
end
points,
enzyme
expression.Based
current
literature,
hormonally
active
BPA,
they
effects.Rochester
JR,
Bolden
AL.
2015.
F:
comparison
activity
substitutes.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
118(8), P. 1055 - 1070
Published: March 25, 2010
Bisphenol
A
(BPA)
is
one
of
the
highest-volume
chemicals
produced
worldwide,
and
human
exposure
to
BPA
thought
be
ubiquitous.
Thus,
there
are
concerns
that
amount
which
humans
exposed
may
cause
adverse
health
effects.
Importantly,
results
from
a
large
number
biomonitoring
studies
at
odds
with
two
toxicokinetic
studies.We
examined
several
possibilities
for
why
could
come
seemingly
conflicting
conclusions.We
>
80
published
measured
concentrations
in
tissues,
urine,
blood,
other
fluids,
along
metabolism.The
included
measurements
thousands
individuals
different
countries,
these
overwhelmingly
detected
individual
adults,
adolescents,
children.
Unconjugated
was
routinely
blood
(in
nanograms
per
milliliter
range),
conjugated
vast
majority
urine
samples
(also
range).
In
stark
contrast,
proposed
not
internally
BPA.
Some
regulatory
agencies
have
relied
solely
on
models
their
risk
assessments.Available
data
clearly
indicate
general
population
internal
unconjugated
The
suggested
negligible
significant
deficiencies,
directly
contradicted
by
hypothesis-driven
studies,
therefore
reliable
assessment
purposes.
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
8(1), P. e55387 - e55387
Published: Jan. 24, 2013
Environmental
compounds
are
known
to
promote
epigenetic
transgenerational
inheritance
of
adult
onset
disease
in
subsequent
generations
(F1–F3)
following
ancestral
exposure
during
fetal
gonadal
sex
determination.
The
current
study
was
designed
determine
if
a
mixture
plastic
derived
endocrine
disruptor
bisphenol-A
(BPA),
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(DEHP)
and
dibutyl
phthalate
(DBP)
at
two
different
doses
promoted
associated
DNA
methylation
epimutations
sperm.
Gestating
F0
generation
females
were
exposed
either
the
"plastics"
or
"lower
dose
plastics"
embryonic
days
8
14
determination
incidence
evaluated
F1
F3
rats.
There
significant
increases
total
disease/abnormalities
male
female
animals
from
plastics
lineages.
Pubertal
abnormalities,
testis
disease,
obesity,
ovarian
(primary
insufficiency
polycystic
ovaries)
increased
animals.
Kidney
prostate
only
observed
direct
fetally
lineage
Analysis
sperm
epigenome
previously
identified
197
differential
regions
(DMR)
gene
promoters,
termed
epimutations.
A
number
these
DMR
form
unique
connection
network
have
been
shown
correlate
with
pathologies
identified.
Observations
demonstrate
that
compounds,
BPA
phthalates,
can
disease.
provide
potential
biomarkers
for
and/or
environmental
exposures.
Pharmacological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
64(1), P. 16 - 64
Published: Oct. 28, 2011
The
blood-testis
barrier
(BTB)
is
one
of
the
tightest
blood-tissue
barriers
in
mammalian
body.
It
divides
seminiferous
epithelium
into
basal
and
apical
(adluminal)
compartments.
Meiosis
I
II,
spermiogenesis,
spermiation
all
take
place
a
specialized
microenvironment
behind
BTB
compartment,
but
spermatogonial
renewal
differentiation
cell
cycle
progression
up
to
preleptotene
spermatocyte
stage
outside
compartment
epithelium.
However,
not
static
ultrastructure.
Instead,
it
undergoes
extensive
restructuring
during
epithelial
spermatogenesis
at
VIII
allow
transit
spermatocytes
BTB.
Yet
immunological
conferred
by
cannot
be
compromised,
even
transiently,
avoid
production
antibodies
against
meiotic
postmeiotic
germ
cells.
Studies
have
demonstrated
that
some
unlikely
partners,
namely
adhesion
protein
complexes
(e.g.,
occludin-ZO-1,
N-cadherin-β-catenin,
claudin-5-ZO-1),
steroids
testosterone,
estradiol-17β),
nonreceptor
kinases
focal
kinase,
c-Src,
c-Yes),
polarity
proteins
PAR6,
Cdc42,
14-3-3),
endocytic
vesicle
clathrin,
caveolin,
dynamin
2),
actin
regulatory
Eps8,
Arp2/3
complex),
are
working
together,
apparently
under
overall
influence
cytokines
transforming
growth
factor-β3,
tumor
necrosis
factor-α,
interleukin-1α).
In
short,
"new"
created
while
"old"
above
transiting
cells
timely
degeneration,
so
can
maintained
traversing
We
also
discuss
recent
findings
regarding
molecular
mechanisms
which
environmental
toxicants
cadmium,
bisphenol
A)
induce
testicular
injury
via
their
initial
actions
elicit
subsequent
damage
germ-cell
adhesion,
thereby
leading
loss,
reduced
sperm
count,
male
infertility
or
subfertility.
Moreover,
we
critically
evaluate
field
studies
on
drug
transporters
testis
how
these
influx
efflux
pumps
regulate
entry
potential
nonhormonal
contraceptives
exert
effects.
Collectively,
illustrate
multiple
targets
present
for
innovative
contraceptive
development
better
delivery
drugs
alleviate
toxicant-induced
reproductive
dysfunction
men.
Annual Review of Public Health,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
31(1), P. 179 - 194
Published: March 1, 2010
By
2010,
the
worldwide
annual
production
of
plastics
will
surpass
300
million
tons.
Plastics
are
indispensable
materials
in
modern
society,
and
many
products
manufactured
from
a
boon
to
public
health
(e.g.,
disposable
syringes,
intravenous
bags).
However,
also
pose
risks.
Of
principal
concern
endocrine-disrupting
properties,
as
triggered
for
example
by
bisphenol
A
di-(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
(DEHP).
Opinions
on
safety
vary
widely,
despite
more
than
five
decades
research,
scientific
consensus
product
is
still
elusive.
This
literature
review
summarizes
information
120
peer-reviewed
publications
effects
plasticizers
lab
animals
humans.
It
examines
problematic
exposures
susceptible
populations
briefly
adverse
environmental
impacts
plastic
pollution.
Ongoing
efforts
steer
human
society
toward
resource
conservation
sustainable
consumption
discussed,
including
concept
5
Rs—i.e.,
reduce,
reuse,
recycle,
rethink,
restrain—for
minimizing
pre-
postnatal
potentially
harmful
components
plastics.