Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 30(11), P. 673 - 684

Published: Oct. 4, 2015

Language: Английский

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High-Frequency Dynamics of Ocean pH: A Multi-Ecosystem Comparison

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 6(12), P. e28983 - e28983

Published: Dec. 19, 2011

The effect of Ocean Acidification (OA) on marine biota is quasi-predictable at best. While perturbation studies, in the form incubations under elevated pCO2, reveal sensitivities and responses individual species, one missing link OA story results from a chronic lack pH data specific to given species' natural habitat. Here, we present compilation continuous, high-resolution time series upper ocean pH, collected using autonomous sensors, over variety ecosystems ranging polar tropical, open-ocean coastal, kelp forest coral reef. These observations continuum month-long variability with standard deviations 0.004 0.277 ranges spanning 0.024 1.430 units. nature observed was also highly site-dependent, characteristic diel, semi-diurnal, stochastic patterns varying amplitudes. biome-specific signatures disclose current levels exposure both high low dissolved CO2, often demonstrating that resident organisms are already experiencing regimes not predicted until 2100. Our provide first step toward crystallizing biophysical between environmental history physiological resilience fluctuations seawater CO2. Knowledge this spatial temporal variation chemistry allows us improve design experiments: can test priori expectations their tolerance guardrails, based range exposure. Such hypothesis-testing will deeper understanding effects OA. Both intuitively simple understand powerfully informative, these similar comparative help guide management efforts identify areas habitat serve as refugia acidification well particularly vulnerable future change.

Language: Английский

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Interactions between climate and habitat loss effects on biodiversity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 1239 - 1252

Published: Nov. 4, 2011

Abstract Climate change and habitat loss are both key threatening processes driving the global in biodiversity. Yet little is known about their synergistic effects on biological populations due to complexity underlying processes. If combined of climate greater than each threat individually, current conservation management strategies may be inefficient at worst ineffective. Therefore, there a pressing need identify whether interacting between exist and, if so, quantify magnitude impact. In this article, we present meta‐analysis studies that effect examine these depends climatic conditions historical rates change. We examined 1319 papers fragmentation, identified from past 20 years, representing range taxa, landscapes, land‐uses, geographic locations conditions. find important factors determining negative species density and/or diversity. The most determinant fragmentation effects, averaged across regions, was maximum temperature, with mean precipitation over last 100 years secondary importance. Habitat were greatest areas high temperatures. Conversely, they lowest where average rainfall has increased time. To our knowledge, first study conduct terrestrial analysis existing data test for climate, populations. Understanding other critical implications ability support incorporate adaptation measures into policy development response.

Language: Английский

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The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 88(4), P. 442 - 449

Published: May 18, 2010

Language: Английский

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Multiple Stressors in a Changing World: The Need for an Improved Perspective on Physiological Responses to the Dynamic Marine Environment

Annual Review of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. 357 - 378

Published: Sept. 11, 2015

Abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) fluctuate through time in most marine environments, sometimes passing intensity thresholds that induce physiological stress. Depending on habitat season, the peak of different abiotic stressors can occur or out phase with one another. Thus, some organisms are exposed to multiple simultaneously, whereas others experience them sequentially. Understanding these physicochemical dynamics is critical because how respond depends magnitude relative timing each stressor. Here, we first discuss broad patterns covariation between systems at various temporal scales. We then describe will influence responses multi-stressor exposures. Finally, summarize effects currently assessed. find experiments have rarely incorporated naturalistic variation into their designs, emphasize importance doing so make ecologically relevant inferences about global change.

Language: Английский

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The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Calcifying Organisms in Marine Ecosystems: An Organism-to-Ecosystem Perspective

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 127 - 147

Published: Nov. 2, 2010

Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, poses serious threat to marine organisms in tropical, open-ocean, coastal, deep-sea, and high-latitude sea ecosystems. The diversity taxonomic groups that precipitate calcium carbonate from seawater are at particularly high risk. Here we review the rapidly expanding literature concerning biological ecological impacts OA on calcification, using cross-scale, process-oriented approach. In comparison find areas such as fertilization, early life-history stages, interaction with synergistic stressors understudied. Although understanding long-term consequences critical, available studies largely short-term experiments do not allow for tests acclimatization or adaptation. Future research phenotypic plasticity contemporary interpretations performance context current environmental heterogeneity pCO 2 will greatly aid our how respond future.

Language: Английский

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Coral-associated invertebrates

Oceanography and Marine Biology/Oceanography and marine biology - an annual review, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 22, 2011

Global warming and increased atmospheric co2 are causing the oceans to warm, decrease in pH become hypercapnic. These stressors have deleterious impacts on marine inver - tebrates. Increasing temperature has a pervasive stimulatory effect metabolism until lethal levels reached, whereas hypercapnia narcotic effect. ocean acidification is major threat cal cifying larvae because it decreases availability of carbonate ions required for skeletogenesis also exerts direct physiology. Marine invertebrate propagules live multistressor world climate change adding mix. pH, pco2 caco3 covary will simultaneously with temperature, challenging our ability predict future outcomes biota. To address questions vulnerabilities, data thermo- pH/ tolerance fertilization development invertebrates reviewed context that forecast occur over next 100-200 years. Gametes many exhibit broad beyond stressor values projected 2100. Available show all stages highly sensitive warming. may be particularly acidification/hypercapnia. Embryos develop through bottleneck mortality due succumb as acidification. Early juveniles vulnerable skeletal dissolution, although diminish negative impact acidifi cation calcification. The effects their interaction differ among life history species. Multistressor experiments if thermal thresholds breached, embryos not reach calcifying stage. If species persistence embryonic thermotolerance, then question compromised calicification relevant. limited knowledge interactive gap. Although range invertebrates, some regional faunas more resilient than others. This implica- tions persistence, faunal shifts, invasions community function changing ocean.

Language: Английский

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Temperature variation makes ectotherms more sensitive to climate change

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 19(8), P. 2373 - 2380

Published: April 30, 2013

Ectotherms are considered to be particularly vulnerable climate warming. Descriptions of habitat temperatures and predicted changes in usually consider mean monthly, seasonal or annual conditions. Ectotherms, however, do not simply experience conditions, but exposed daily fluctuations temperatures. Here, we highlight how temperature fluctuation can generate 'realized' thermal reaction (fitness) norms that differ from the 'fundamental' derived under standard constant Using a mosquito as model organism, find reduces rate processes such development warm increases cool both optimum critical maximum temperature. Generalizing these effects for range terrestrial insects reveals prevailing should alter sensitivity species warming by reducing 'thermal safety margins'. Such dynamics have generally been ignored change literature.

Language: Английский

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A review and meta‐analysis of the effects of multiple abiotic stressors on marine embryos and larvae

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 21(6), P. 2122 - 2140

Published: Dec. 9, 2014

Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple greater than sum individual effects. Early life stages marine potentially vulnerable associated global change, but identifying general patterns across studies, species and response variables is challenging. This review represents first meta-analysis multistressor studies target early (embryo larvae), particularly between temperature, salinity pH as these best studied. Knowledge gaps research on abiotic also identified. The yielded several key results: (1) Synergistic interactions (65% tests) more common additive (17%) or antagonistic interactions. (2) Larvae generally embryos thermal stress. (3) Survival sublethal responses be affected by thermal, (4) Interaction types vary among stressors, ontogenetic biological responses, they consistent phyla. (5) Ocean acidification a stressor for calcifying noncalcifying larvae. Despite being ecologically realistic single-factor multifactorial may still oversimplify complex systems, so meta-analyses data from them must cautiously interpreted regard extrapolation field conditions. Nonetheless, our results identify taxa that (e.g. molluscs, echinoderms) robust arthropods, cnidarians) We provide list recommendations future those focussed stages.

Language: Английский

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Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 3(4), P. 1016 - 1030

Published: March 7, 2013

Ocean acidification and warming are considered two of the greatest threats to marine biodiversity, yet combined effect these stressors on organisms remains largely unclear. Using a meta-analytical approach, we assessed biological responses effects ocean in isolation combination. As expected varied across taxonomic groups, life-history stages, trophic levels, but importantly, combining generally exhibited stronger (either positive or negative) effect. subset orthogonal studies, show that four five measured (calcification, photosynthesis, reproduction, survival, not growth) interacted synergistically when were combined. The observed synergisms between interacting suggest care must be made making inferences from single-stressor studies. Our findings clearly have implications for development adaptive management strategies particularly given frequency systems will likely intensify future. There is now an urgent need move toward more robust, holistic, ecologically realistic climate change experiments incorporate interactions. Without them accurate predictions about deleterious impacts biodiversity ecosystem functioning over next century possible.

Language: Английский

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