The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 442 - 456

Published: May 14, 2018

Language: Английский

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The Gut as a Source of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease

˜The œNephron journals/Nephron journals, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 130(2), P. 92 - 98

Published: Jan. 1, 2015

Chronic inflammation is a non-traditional risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. In recent years, gastrointestinal tract has emerged as major instigator of systemic CKD. Postmortem studies previously discovered gut wall throughout digestive dialysis patients. CKD animals, colon associated with breakdown epithelial tight junction barrier (‘leaky gut') and translocation bacterial DNA endotoxin into bloodstream. Gut have also been detected serum from patients, whereby levels increase stage correlate severity The diet that low plant fiber symbiotic organisms (in adherence potassium, phosphorus intake) can alter normal microbiome, leading to overgrowth bacteria produce uremic toxins such cresyl indoxyl molecules. these ‘leaky gut' bloodstream further promotes inflammation, adverse outcomes progression. Data are lacking on optimal yogurt consumption would favor growth more microbiome while avoiding potassium overload. Prebiotic probiotic formulations shown promise small clinical trials, terms lowering improving quality life. evidence points strong relationship between intestinal CKD, trials investigating gut-targeted therapeutics needed.

Language: Английский

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Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 31(5), P. 737 - 746

Published: April 16, 2015

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress which play a central role CKD progression its adverse consequences. Although many of the causes consequences have been extensively explored, little attention had paid to intestine microbial flora as potential source these problems. Our recent studies revealed significant disruption colonic, ileal, jejunal gastric epithelial tight junction different models rats. Moreover, barrier structure function found uremic animals was replicated cultured human colonocytes exposed plasma vitro We further changes composition colonic bacterial humans with advanced CKD. Together, uremia-induced impairment intestinal gut microbiome contribute toxicity by accommodating translocation endotoxin, fragments other noxious luminal products circulation. In addition, bacteria are main several well-known pro-inflammatory toxins such indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol trimethylamine-N-oxide as-yet unidentified retained compounds end-stage renal patients. This review is intended provide an overview effects on their pathogenesis toxicity. interventions aimed at mitigating abnormalities briefly discussed.

Language: Английский

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Role of the Gut Microbiome in Uremia: A Potential Therapeutic Target

American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 67(3), P. 483 - 498

Published: Nov. 15, 2015

Language: Английский

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Microbiome–metabolome reveals the contribution of gut–kidney axis on kidney disease

Journal of Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Jan. 3, 2019

Dysbiosis represents changes in composition and structure of the gut microbiome community (microbiome), which may dictate physiological phenotype (health or disease). Recent technological advances efforts metagenomic metabolomic analyses have led to a dramatical growth our understanding microbiome, but still, mechanisms underlying microbiome-host interactions healthy diseased state remain elusive their elucidation is infancy. Disruption normal microbiota lead intestinal dysbiosis, barrier dysfunction, bacterial translocation. Excessive uremic toxins are produced as result alteration, including indoxyl sulphate, p-cresyl trimethylamine-N-oxide, all implicated variant processes kidney diseases development. This review focuses on pathogenic association between (the gut-kidney axis), covering CKD, IgA nephropathy, nephrolithiasis, hypertension, acute injury, hemodialysis peritoneal dialysis clinic. Targeted interventions probiotic, prebiotic symbiotic measures discussed for potential re-establishing symbiosis, more effective strategies treatment patients suggested. The novel insights into dysbiosis helpful develop therapeutic preventing attenuating complications.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota role in dietary protein metabolism and health-related outcomes: The two sides of the coin

Trends in Food Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 57, P. 213 - 232

Published: Sept. 2, 2016

Language: Английский

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Health effects of resistant starch

Nutrition Bulletin, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 42(1), P. 10 - 41

Published: Jan. 5, 2017

Abstract The merits of a fibre‐rich diet are well documented. Resistant starch ( RS ) is form that resists digestion in the small intestine and, as such, classified type dietary fibre. can be categorised one five types 1–5), some which occur naturally foods such bananas, potatoes, grains and legumes produced or modified commercially, incorporated into food products. This review describes human evidence on health effects consumption, with aim identifying any benefits ‐rich functional ingredient. reduced glycaemic response consistently reported when compared digestible carbohydrate, has resulted an approved European Union claim. Thus, may particularly useful for managing diabetes. There appears to little impact other metabolic markers, blood pressure plasma lipids, though data comparatively limited. Promising results markers gut suggest further research lead classification prebiotic. Microbial fermentation large produce short‐chain fatty acids likely underpins its biological effects, including increasing satiety. However, appetite have not notable changes bodyweight after long‐term consumption. Emerging suggests potential ingredient oral rehydration solutions treatment chronic kidney disease. Overall, possesses positive properties healthy component.

Language: Английский

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Inflammation in Renal Diseases: New and Old Players

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Oct. 8, 2019

Renal inflammation, a common scenario in kidney diseases, is complex network of interactions between renal parenchymal cells and resident immune cells, such as macrophages dendritic well recruitment circulating monocytes, lymphocytes neutrophils. These once activated secrete several inflammatory mediators that can cause irreversible tissue damage, compromising organ function. Conversely, the crosstalk other organs, gut, may impact course these diseases. Several danger-associated molecules be sensed by innate receptors trigger inflammation through inflammasome-dependent -independent pathways. This response leads to metabolic reprogramming changes phenotype function cells. Besides that, growing evidence suggests gut microbiota composition and/or its metabolites production exert positive regulatory effects on oxidative stress fibrosis, thus contributing prevent onset or development Not coincidence, attempts have been made control order alleviate damage. Here, we summarize most recent data showing potential new approaches treat diseases probiotics, prebiotics postbiotics administration. Moreover, also mention here novel findings target for known used drugs. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, NF-κB inhibitors, thiazide diuretic antimetabolic drugs reduce macrophage infiltration slow down disease progression. Allopurinol, an inhibitor uric acid production, has shown decreased limiting activation NLRP3 inflammasome. Increase arsenal focus microbiota, cellular metabolism lead therapeutical aiming better prevention progression

Language: Английский

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Dietary Fiber Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy through Short-Chain Fatty Acid–Mediated Activation of G Protein–Coupled Receptors GPR43 and GPR109A

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 31(6), P. 1267 - 1281

Published: May 1, 2020

Significance Statement The gut microbiota and its metabolites, in particular short-chain fatty acids derived from microbes’ fermentation of fiber, are emerging therapeutic targets for systemic inflammatory metabolic diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. authors report that high-fiber diets or supplementation with (acetate, butyrate, propionate) afforded protection against development kidney disease mice. Dietary fiber restored microbial ecology, corrected “dysbiotic” changes, increased production acids. Mice deficient the metabolite-sensing G protein–coupled receptors GPR43 GPR109A were not protected by acids, suggesting was mediated downstream binding to these receptors. Tapping into potential through diet may offer a novel approach address Background Studies have reported changes microbiota, such as depletion bacteria produce (SCFAs) CKD diabetes. is associated decreased inflammation mortality CKD, SCFAs been proposed mediate this effect. Methods To explore dietary fiber’s effect on experimental nephropathy, we used streptozotocin induce diabetes wild-type C57BL/6 knockout mice lacking genes encoding GPR109A. Diabetic randomized high-fiber, normal chow, zero-fiber diets, drinking water. We proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy profiling 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing assess microbiome. Results fed significantly less likely develop exhibiting albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte injury, interstitial fibrosis compared controls chow diet. Fiber beneficially reshaped ecology improved dysbiosis, promoting expansion SCFA-producing genera Prevotella Bifidobacterium , which fecal SCFA concentrations. reduced expression cytokines, chemokines, fibrosis-promoting proteins kidneys. SCFA-treated but absence In vitro modulated renal tubular cells podocytes under hyperglycemic conditions. Conclusions protects nephropathy modulation enrichment bacteria, production. critical SCFA-mediated condition. Interventions targeting warrant further investigation renoprotective therapy

Language: Английский

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Resistant starch alters gut microbiome and metabolomic profiles concurrent with amelioration of chronic kidney disease in rats

AJP Renal Physiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 310(9), P. F857 - F871

Published: Feb. 11, 2016

Patients and animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit profound alterations in the gut environment including shifts microbial composition, increased fecal pH, blood levels of microbe-derived metabolites (xenometabolites). The fermentable dietary fiber high amylose maize-resistant starch type 2 (HAMRS2) has been shown to alter milieu CKD rat models leads markedly improved function. aim present study was identify specific cecal bacteria cecal, blood, urinary that associate changes function potential mechanisms involved amelioration response resistant starch. Male Sprague-Dawley rats adenine-induced were fed a semipurified low-fiber diet or high-fiber [59% (wt/wt) HAMRS2] for 3 wk (n = 9 rats/group). microbiome characterized, contents, serum, urine analyzed. HAMRS2-fed displayed decreased diversity, an Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio. Several uremic retention solutes altered urine, many which had strong correlations abundances, i.e., serum indoxyl sulfate reduced by 36% 66%, respectively, p-cresol 47% rats. Outcomes from this coincident improvements indexes outcomes previously reported these rats, suggesting important role microbial-derived factors microbe metabolism regulating host

Language: Английский

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