Prevalence and outcomes of co-infection and superinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. e0251170 - e0251170

Published: May 6, 2021

The recovery of other pathogens in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported, either at the time a diagnosis (co-infection) or subsequently (superinfection). However, data on prevalence, microbiology, and outcomes co-infection superinfection are limited. purpose this study was to examine occurrence co-infections superinfections their among infection.

Language: Английский

---

The role of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19

Pneumonia, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: April 24, 2021

Abstract Background It has been recognised for a considerable time-period, that viral respiratory infections predispose patients to bacterial infections, and these co-infections have worse outcome than either infection on its own. However, it is still unclear what exact roles and/or superinfections play in with COVID-19 infection. Main body This was an extensive review of the current literature regarding SARS-CoV-2 The definitions used were those Centers Disease Control Prevention (US), which defines coinfection as one occurring concurrently initial infection, while are follow previous especially when caused by microorganisms resistant, or become antibiotics earlier. Some researchers envisioned three potential scenarios bacterial/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection; namely, secondary following colonisation, combined viral/bacterial pneumonia, superinfection SARS-CoV-2. There myriad published articles ranging from letters editor systematic reviews meta-analyses describing varying ranges co-infection COVID-19. concomitant described included other viruses, bacteria, including mycobacteria, fungi, well other, more unusual, pathogens. will be seen this review, there often not clear distinction made authors referring to, whether true concomitant/co-infections superinfections. In addition, possible mechanisms interactions between SARS-CoV-2, particularly discussed further. Lastly, impact severity their also described. Conclusion describes rates although two literature. When they occur, appear associated both poorer outcomes.

Language: Английский

---

Viral Interference between Respiratory Viruses

Emerging infectious diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(2), P. 273 - 281

Published: Jan. 20, 2022

Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. Infection by a first virus could enhance reduce infection replication of second virus, resulting in positive (additive synergistic) negative (antagonistic) interaction. The concept viral interference has been demonstrated at cellular, host, population levels. mechanisms involved have evaluated differentiated airway epithelial cells animal models susceptible interest. A likely mechanism is interferon response that confer temporary nonspecific immunity host. During coronavirus disease pandemic, nonpharmacologic interventions prevented circulation most viruses. Once sanitary restrictions are lifted, seasonal expected resume will offer opportunity study their interactions, notably with severe acute syndrome 2.

Language: Английский

---

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care unit

Infection, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 50(1), P. 83 - 92

Published: June 27, 2021

Superinfections in patients hospitalized intensive care unit (ICU) are an important and challenging complication, also COVID-19. However, no definitive data available about the role of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) COVID-19.This was a single-center, cross-sectional study including with MDR-AB infections admitted to ICU or without COVID-19, between January 2019 2021. The primary objective evaluate risk factor for COVID-19 other etiology. secondary endpoints were 30-days mortality all population factors associated development bloodstream infection (BSI).During period 32 adults enrolled compared 115 same reasons. We observed total 114 deaths, survival rate 29.3%: 18.8% 32.2% control group. Relative showed that serum lactate levels mmol/l > 2, colonization, BSI steroid therapy more frequently patients. Cox regression analysis 2 mmol/l, BSI, mortality. Finally, white blood cells count 11,000 mm3, at time admission, independently BSI.Our highlight impact on outcome, colonization use steroids develop during

Language: Английский

---

COVID-19–associated mucormycosis: Evidence-based critical review of an emerging infection burden during the pandemic’s second wave in India

PLoS neglected tropical diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 15(11), P. e0009921 - e0009921

Published: Nov. 18, 2021

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), during the second wave in early 2021, has caused devastating chaos India. As daily infection rates rise alarmingly, number of severe cases increased dramatically. The country encountered health infrastructure inadequacy and excessive demand for hospital beds, drugs, vaccines, oxygen. Adding more burden to such a challenging situation, mucormycosis, an invasive fungal infection, seen sudden surge patients with COVID-19. rhino-orbital-cerebral form is most common type observed. In particular, approximately three-fourths them had diabetes as predisposing comorbidity received corticosteroids treat Possible mechanisms may involve immune inflammatory processes. Diabetes, when coupled COVID-19–induced systemic change, tends cause decreased immunity risk secondary infections. Since comprehensive data on this fatal opportunistic are evolving against backdrop major pandemic, prevention strategies primarily managing comorbid conditions high-risk groups. recommended treatment included surgical debridement antifungal therapy using Amphotericin B selected azoles. Several India-centric clinical guidelines have emerged rightly diagnose characterise presentation, understand pathogenesis involved, track disease course. Code Mucor one, which proposes simple but reliable staging system form. A recently been proposed, dedicated registry started. critical review, we extensively analyse recent evidence guidance COVID-19–associated mucormycosis

Language: Английский

---

Prevalence of bacterial coinfection and patterns of antibiotics prescribing in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 17(8), P. e0272375 - e0272375

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

Evidence around prevalence of bacterial coinfection and pattern antibiotic use in COVID-19 is controversial although high rates have been reported previous similar global viral respiratory pandemics. Early data on the prescribing indicates conflicting low which challenges antimicrobial stewardship programmes increases risk resistance (AMR).

Language: Английский

---

The challenge of preventing and containing outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms and Candida auris during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: report of a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak and a systematic review of the literature

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Jan. 21, 2022

Abstract Background Despite the adoption of strict infection prevention and control measures, many hospitals have reported outbreaks multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) during Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Following an outbreak carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in our institution, we sought to systematically analyse characteristics MDRO times COVID-19, focussing on contributing factors specific challenges controlling these outbreaks. Methods We describe results own CRAB investigation performed a systematic literature review for (including Candida auris) which occurred COVID-19 pandemic (between December March 2021). Search terms were related pathogens/resistance mechanisms AND COVID-19. summarized narrative synthesis contrasted with implemented measures. Results The intensive care units between September 2020 comprised 10 patients (thereof seven COVID-19) within two distinct genetic clusters (both ST2 carrying OXA-23). Both presumably originated from transferred Balkans. Including outbreak, identified 17 reports, mostly caused by auris (n = 6) or 5), overall patient mortality 35% (68/193). All involved settings. Non-adherence personal protective equipment (PPE) hand hygiene 11), PPE shortage 8) high antibiotic use most commonly as factors, followed environmental contamination 7), prolonged critical illness 7) lack trained HCW 7). Implemented measures mainly focussed PPE/hand audits 9), cleaning/disinfection 9) enhanced screening 8). Comparing potentially modifiable risk found largest discrepancies areas (risk factor 8 studies, addressed 2 studies) overcrowding 5 0 studies). Conclusions Reported often outbreak) C. auris. Inadequate adherence, shortage, These findings should be considered future waves.

Language: Английский

---

Respiratory viral co‐infections in patients with COVID‐19 and associated outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 33(1)

Published: June 10, 2022

Abstract The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to critically assess the published literature related community‐acquired viral co‐infections COVID‐19 evaluate prevalence, most identified co‐pathogens, relevant risk factors. Furthermore, we aimed examine clinical features outcomes co‐infected compared mono‐infected patients. We systematically searched PubMed, Web Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library for studies from 1 November 2019 13 August 2021. included patients all ages any severity who were screened respiratory co‐infection within 48 h diagnosis. main outcome proportion with a co‐infection. registered PROSPERO (CRD42021272235). Out 6053 initially retrieved studies, 59 total 16,643 SARS‐CoV‐2 positive included. global pooled prevalence 5.01% (95% CI 3.34%–7.27%; I 2 = 95%) based on random‐effects model, Influenza Viruses (1.54%) Enteroviruses (1.32%) being prevalent pathogens. Subgroup analyses showed that significantly higher in paediatric (9.39%) than adult (3.51%) ( p ‐value 0.02). more likely be dyspnoeic odds fatality (OR 1.66) increased. Although relatively low have co‐infection, our findings show multiplex panel testing may advisable compatible symptoms. Indeed, virus associated adverse therefore therapeutic prognostic implications.

Language: Английский

---

Bacterial Coinfection and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles among Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(3), P. 495 - 495

Published: Feb. 23, 2022

While it is reported that COVID-19 patients are more prone to secondary bacterial infections, which strongly linked the severity of complications disease, coinfections associated with not widely studied. This work aimed investigate prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles among hospitalised patients. Age, gender, weight, identities, sensitivity were collected retrospectively for 108 admitted intensive care unit (ICU) non-ICU ward a single center in Saudi Arabia. ICU (60%) showed significantly higher percentage sputum (74%) blood (38%) samples, compared non-ICU. Acinetobacter baumannii (56%) Klebsiella pneumoniae most prevalent species from patients, presenting full all tested antibiotics except colistin. By contrast, samples exhibited infections Escherichia coli (31%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%) predominantly, elevated E. piperacillin/tazobactam trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. alarming correlation between multi-drug resistant coinfection admission requires attention precaution prescribed limit spread bacteria improve therapeutic management.

Language: Английский

---

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 175 - 175

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease death. Understanding the risk factors is relevant both in setting at epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview host, viral environmental that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized be associated with outcomes. considered detail include age frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, lifestyle patient; variation infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; air pollution. For each category, compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for association factor outcomes (including strength effect) outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss complex interactions between various factors.

Language: Английский

---