mBio, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(2)
Published: April 26, 2021
Cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous environmental fungus that also leading cause of fatal fungal infection in humans, especially among immunocompromised patients. A major question the field how an yeast such as C. becomes human pathogen when it has no need for animal host its life cycle.
Language: Английский
Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10
Published: Jan. 9, 2020
The fungal cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and compartment that mediates all relationships of with environment. It protects contents cell, gives rigidity defines cellular structure. a skeleton high plasticity from different stresses, among which osmotic changes stand out. allows interaction external environment since some its proteins are adhesins receptors. Since, components have immunogenic capacity, certain can drive host's immune response to promote fungus growth dissemination. characteristic structure fungi composed mainly glucans, chitin glycoproteins. As not present in humans, this an excellent target for antifungal therapy. In article, we review recent data on composition synthesis, influence fungi-host role as next generation drugs yeasts (
Language: Английский
Citations
681
Virulence, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(1), P. 490 - 501
Published: Jan. 1, 2019
Among fungal pathogens, Cryptococcus neoformans has gained great importance among the scientific community of several reasons. This fungus is causative agent cryptococcosis, a disease mainly associated to HIV immunosuppression and characterized by appearance meningoencephalitis. Cryptococcal meningitis responsible for hundreds thousands deaths every year. Research pathogenesis virulence mechanisms this pathogen focused on three main different areas: Adaptation host environment (nutrients, pH, free radicals), mechanism immune evasion (which include phenotypic variations ability behave as facultative intracellular pathogen), production factors. two characteristics, capsule synthesis melanin that have profound effect in yeast because they both protective effects induce damage Finally, result dissemination brain invasion are also key understand cryptococcal disease. In review, I will provide brief overview makes C. susceptible patients. Abbreviations: RNS: reactive nitrogen species; BBB: blood barrier; GXM: glucuronoxylomannan; GXMGal: glucuronoxylomannogalactan.
Language: Английский
Citations
184
Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(11), P. 687 - 704
Published: June 25, 2024
Language: Английский
Citations
32
Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 294(27), P. 10471 - 10489
Published: May 23, 2019
Melanins are synthesized macromolecules that found in all biological kingdoms. These pigments have a myriad of roles range from microbial virulence to key components the innate immune response invertebrates. also exhibit unique properties with potential applications physics and material sciences, ranging electrical batteries novel therapeutics. In fungi, melanins, such as eumelanins, cell wall provide protection against biotic abiotic elements. Elucidation smallest fungal wall-associated melanin unit serves building block is critical understand architecture these polymers, its interaction surrounding components, their functional versatility. this study, we used isopycnic gradient sedimentation, NMR, EPR, high-resolution microscopy, proteomics analyze human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans We observed assembled into cryptococcal spherical structures ∼200 nm diameter, termed granules, which turn composed nanospheres ∼30 melanosomes. noted granules closely associated proteins may play melanogenesis supramolecular structure polymer. Using structural information, propose model for C. neoformans' melanization similar process animal consistent phylogenetic relatedness
Language: Английский
Citations
111
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 78(7), P. 3219 - 3238
Published: Jan. 15, 2021
Language: Английский
Citations
84
Annual Review of Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 75(1), P. 449 - 469
Published: Aug. 4, 2021
Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the most studied cell-cell communication mechanisms in fungi. Research last 20 years has explored various fungal QS systems that are involved a wide range biological processes, especially eukaryote- or fungus-specific behaviors, mirroring significant contribution regulation to biology and evolution. Based on recent progress, we summarize this review regulation, with an emphasis its functional role behaviors unique fungi eukaryotes. We suggest using as genetically amenable eukaryotic model address why how integrated into reproductive strategies molecular cellular processes could be important direction for research.
Language: Английский
Citations
59
Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 30(10), P. 1382 - 1400.e8
Published: Sept. 12, 2022
Environmental pathogens move from ecological niches to mammalian hosts, requiring adaptation dramatically different environments. Microbes that disseminate farther, including the fungal meningitis pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, require additional diverse tissues. We demonstrate formation of a small C. neoformans morphotype-called "seed" cells due their colonizing ability-is critical for extrapulmonary organ entry. Seed exhibit changes in cell size and surface expression result an enhanced macrophage update. is triggered by environmental factors, neoformans' niche, pigeon guano with phosphate plays central role. show acquisition genes, mutants unable acquire fail adopt seed morphotype. Additionally, can be released tissue damage, potentially establishing feed-forward loop dissemination. Thus, variation represent inducible morphotypes change host interactions facilitate microbe spread.
Language: Английский
Citations
41
Annual Review of Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 77(1), P. 341 - 361
Published: June 12, 2023
Fungal species have dynamic genomes and often exhibit genomic plasticity in response to stress. This genome comes with phenotypic consequences that affect fitness resistance pathogens both clinical agricultural settings during adaptation antifungal drugs, posing significant challenges human health. Therefore, it is important understand the rates, mechanisms, impact of large changes. review addresses prevalence polyploidy, aneuploidy, copy number variation across diverse fungal species, special attention prominent model species. We also explore relationship between environmental stress rates changes highlight mechanisms underlying genotypic A comprehensive understanding these needed identify novel solutions for increase drug resistance.
Language: Английский
Citations
31
Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. 2084 - 2098
Published: July 2, 2024
Language: Английский
Citations
9
Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9
Published: April 30, 2018
Cryptococcus neoformans is not usually considered a cytotoxic fungal pathogen but there considerable evidence that this microbe can damage host cells and tissues. In essay, we review the C. damages note mechanisms involved are diverse. We consider neoformans-mediated at molecular, cellular, tissue organism level. Direct of cytotoxicity include lytic exocytosis, organelle dysfunction, phagolysosomal membrane cytoskeletal alterations. Cytotoxicity contributes to pathogenesis by interfering with immune effector cell function disrupting endothelial barriers thus allowing dissemination. When immune-mediated sufficient affect homeostasis, cryptococcosis occurs
Language: Английский
Citations
80