bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Oct. 20, 2023
Abstract
Filamentous
plant
pathogens
deliver
effector
proteins
into
host
cells
to
suppress
defence
responses
and
manipulate
metabolic
processes
support
colonization.
Understanding
the
evolution
molecular
function
of
these
effectors
provides
knowledge
about
pathogenesis
can
suggest
novel
strategies
reduce
damage
caused
by
pathogens.
However,
are
highly
variable,
share
weak
sequence
similarity
and,
although
they
be
grouped
according
their
structure,
only
a
few
structurally
conserved
families
have
been
functionally
characterized
date.
Here,
we
demonstrate
that
Zinc-finger
fold
(ZiF)
secreted
form
diverse
family
in
blast
fungus
Magnaporthe
oryzae
.
This
relies
on
motif
for
protein
stability
is
ubiquitously
present,
forming
different
tribes
lineages
infecting
13
species.
Homologs
canonical
ZiF
effector,
AVR-Pii
from
rice
isolates,
present
multiple
M.
lineages,
wheat
strains
fungus,
example,
possess
an
allele
also
binds
Exo70
activates
immune
receptor
Pii.
Furthermore,
vary
bind,
indicating
functional
diversification
intricate
effector/host
interactome.
Altogether,
uncovered
new
with
common
has
diversified
work
expands
our
understanding
diversity
effectors,
basis
may
ultimately
facilitate
development
sources
pathogen
resistance.
Author
Summary
Diseases
filamentous
impact
global
food
production,
leading
severe
economic
humanitarian
consequences.
These
secrete
hundreds
inside
alter
cellular
promote
infection
disease.
Effector
or
no
but
structural
based
folds.
very
characterized.
We
identified
shared
can,
collectively,
infect
grasses.
binding
sub-set
putative
targets
showed
recognized
system.
show
other
do
not
bind
targets,
suggesting
specialization
within
this
alternative
interactors.
findings
shed
light
functions,
as
well
potentially
disease
resistance
future.
Molecular Plant Pathology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(4)
Published: April 1, 2024
Abstract
Pyricularia
oryzae
(syn.
Magnaporthe
),
is
a
filamentous
ascomycete
that
causes
major
disease
called
blast
on
cereal
crops,
as
well
wide
variety
of
wild
and
cultivated
grasses.
Blast
diseases
have
tremendous
impact
worldwide
particularly
rice
wheat,
where
the
emerged
in
South
America
1980s,
before
spreading
to
Asia
Africa.
Its
economic
importance,
coupled
with
its
amenability
molecular
genetic
manipulation,
inspired
extensive
research
efforts
aiming
at
understanding
biology
evolution.
In
past
40
years,
this
plant‐pathogenic
fungus
has
model
plant–microbe
interactions.
review,
we
focus
clarification
taxonomy
structure
species
host
range
determinants.
We
also
discuss
recent
studies
deciphering
lifecycle.
Taxonomy
Kingdom:
Fungi
,
phylum:
Ascomycota
sub‐phylum:
Pezizomycotina
class:
Sordariomycetes
order:
Magnaporthales
family:
Pyriculariaceae
genus:
Pyricularia.
Host
P.
ability
infect
Poaceae
.
It
structured
into
different
host‐specialized
lineages
are
each
associated
few
plant
genera.
The
best
known
cause
damage
but
it
can
attack
other
economically
important
crops
such
maize,
barley,
finger
millet.
Disease
symptoms
necrotic
lesions
or
bleaching
all
aerial
parts
plants,
including
leaf
blades,
sheaths,
inflorescences
(panicles,
spikes,
seeds).
Characteristic
leaves
diamond‐shaped
silver
often
brown
margin
whose
appearance
influenced
by
numerous
factors
genotype
environmental
conditions.
USEFUL
WEBSITES
Resources
URL
Genomic
data
repositories
http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/
http://openriceblast.org/
http://openwheatblast.net/
Genome
browser
for
fungi
(including
)
http://fungi.ensembl.org/index.html
Comparative
genomics
database
https://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/mycocosm/home
T‐DNA
mutant
http://atmt.snu.kr/
http://www.phi‐base.org/
SNP
expression
https://fungidb.org/fungidb/app/
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
121(28)
Published: July 5, 2024
Bioengineering
of
plant
immune
receptors
has
emerged
as
a
key
strategy
for
generating
novel
disease
resistance
traits
to
counteract
the
expanding
threat
pathogens
global
food
security.
However,
current
approaches
are
limited
by
rapid
evolution
in
field
and
may
lack
durability
when
deployed.
Here,
we
show
that
rice
nucleotide-binding,
leucine-rich
repeat
(NLR)
receptor
Pik-1
can
be
engineered
respond
conserved
family
effectors
from
multihost
blast
fungus
pathogen
Magnaporthe
oryzae
.
We
switched
effector
binding
response
profile
Pik
NLR
its
cognate
AVR-Pik
host-determining
factor
pathogenicity
toward
weeping
lovegrass
2
(Pwl2)
installing
putative
host
target,
OsHIPP43,
place
native
integrated
heavy
metal–associated
domain
(generating
Pikm-1
OsHIPP43
).
This
chimeric
also
responded
other
PWL
alleles
diverse
isolates.
The
crystal
structure
Pwl2/OsHIPP43
complex
revealed
multifaceted,
robust
interface
cannot
easily
disrupted
mutagenesis,
therefore
provide
durable,
broad
isolates
carrying
field.
Our
findings
highlight
how
targets
used
bioengineer
recognition
specificities
have
more
properties
compared
naturally
evolved
genes.
PLoS Pathogens,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(5), P. e1012176 - e1012176
Published: May 6, 2024
Magnaporthe
AVRs
and
ToxB-like
(MAX)
effectors
constitute
a
family
of
secreted
virulence
proteins
in
the
fungus
Pyricularia
oryzae
(syn
.
oryzae)
,
which
causes
blast
disease
on
numerous
cereals
grasses.
In
spite
high
sequence
divergence,
MAX
share
common
fold
characterized
by
ß-sandwich
core
stabilized
conserved
disulfide
bond.
this
study,
we
investigated
structural
landscape
diversity
within
effector
repertoire
P
Combining
experimental
protein
structure
determination
silico
modeling
validated
presence
domain
77
out
94
groups
orthologs
(OG)
identified
previous
population
genomic
study.
Four
novel
structures
determined
NMR
were
remarkably
good
agreement
with
AlphaFold2
(AF2)
predictions.
Based
comparison
AF2-generated
3D
models
propose
classification
superfamily
20
that
vary
canonical
fold,
bond
patterns,
additional
secondary
N-
C-terminal
extensions.
About
one-third
members
remain
singletons,
without
strong
relationship
to
other
effectors.
Analysis
surface
properties
AF2
also
highlights
variability
at
level,
potentially
reflecting
wide
their
functions
host
targets.
New Phytologist,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
241(3), P. 1007 - 1020
Published: Dec. 10, 2023
Summary
Rice
blast,
the
most
destructive
disease
of
cultivated
rice
world‐wide,
is
caused
by
filamentous
fungus
Magnaporthe
oryzae
.
To
cause
in
plants,
M.
secretes
a
diverse
range
effector
proteins
to
suppress
plant
defense
responses,
modulate
cellular
processes,
and
support
pathogen
growth.
Some
effectors
can
be
secreted
appressoria
even
before
host
penetration,
while
others
accumulate
apoplast,
or
enter
living
cells
where
they
target
specific
subcellular
compartments.
During
infection,
blast
induces
formation
specialized
structure
known
as
biotrophic
interfacial
complex
(BIC),
which
appears
crucial
for
delivery
into
cells.
Here,
we
review
recent
advances
cell
biology
–host
interactions
show
how
new
breakthroughs
control
have
stemmed
from
an
increased
understanding
are
deployed
delivered
enable
invasion
susceptibility.
PLoS Pathogens,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(6), P. e1012277 - e1012277
Published: June 17, 2024
Filamentous
plant
pathogens
deliver
effector
proteins
into
host
cells
to
suppress
defence
responses
and
manipulate
metabolic
processes
support
colonization.
Understanding
the
evolution
molecular
function
of
these
effectors
provides
knowledge
about
pathogenesis
can
suggest
novel
strategies
reduce
damage
caused
by
pathogens.
However,
are
highly
variable,
share
weak
sequence
similarity
and,
although
they
be
grouped
according
their
structure,
only
a
few
structurally
conserved
families
have
been
functionally
characterized
date.
Here,
we
demonstrate
that
Zinc-finger
fold
(ZiF)
secreted
form
diverse
family
in
blast
fungus
Magnaporthe
oryzae
.
This
relies
on
motif
for
protein
stability
is
ubiquitously
present
lineages
infecting
13
different
species,
forming
tribes.
Homologs
canonical
ZiF
effector,
AVR-Pii,
from
rice
isolates
multiple
M
lineages.
Wheat
strains
also
possess
an
AVR-Pii
like
allele
binds
Exo70
activates
immune
receptor
Pii.
Furthermore,
tribes
may
vary
bind
to,
indicating
functional
diversification
intricate
effector/host
interactome.
Altogether,
uncovered
new
with
common
has
diversified
work
expands
our
understanding
diversity
effectors,
basis
ultimately
facilitate
development
sources
pathogen
resistance.
New Phytologist,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 25, 2025
Phytopathogenic
fungi
cause
enormous
yield
losses
in
many
crops,
threatening
both
agricultural
production
and
global
food
security.
To
infect
plants,
they
secrete
effectors
targeting
various
cellular
processes
the
host.
Putative
effector
genes
are
numerous
fungal
genomes,
generally
encode
proteins
with
no
sequence
homology
to
each
other
or
known
domains.
Recent
studies
have
elucidated
predicted
three-dimensional
structures
of
from
a
wide
diversity
plant
pathogenic
fungi,
revealing
limited
number
conserved
folds.
Effectors
very
diverse
amino
acid
sequences
can
thereby
be
grouped
into
families
based
on
structural
homology.
Some
different
some
expanded
specific
taxa.
Here,
we
describe
features
these
discuss
recent
advances
predicting
new
families.
We
highlight
contribution
analyses
deepen
our
understanding
function
evolution
effectors.
also
prospects
offered
by
modeling
for
studying
virulence
targets
plants.
One
of
the
most
destructive
diseases
affecting
rice
is
blast,
which
brought
on
by
blast
fungus
Magnaporthe
oryzae.
The
preventive
measures,
however,
are
not
well
established.
To
effectively
reduce
negative
effects
blasts
crop
yields,
it
imperative
to
comprehend
dynamic
interactions
between
pathogen
resistance
and
patterns
host
carbon
allocation.
This
review
explores
relationship
variations
in
allocation
plants'
ability
withstand
damaging
M.
highlights
potential
strategies
for
altering
including
transgenic,
selective
breeding,
rotation,
nutrient
management
practices
as
a
promising
avenue
enhancing
resistance.
study
advances
our
knowledge
interaction
oryzae
provides
stakeholders
farmers
with
practical
guidance
mitigating
adverse
globally.
information
may
be
used
future
create
varieties
that
resistant
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
37(9), P. 653 - 661
Published: July 1, 2024
Effector
secretion
by
different
routes
mediates
the
molecular
interplay
between
host
plant
and
pathogen,
but
mechanistic
details
in
eukaryotes
are
sparse.
This
may
limit
discovery
of
new
effectors
that
could
be
utilized
for
improving
disease
resistance.
In
fungi
oomycetes,
apoplastic
secreted
via
conventional
endoplasmic
reticulum
(ER)-Golgi
pathway,
while
cytoplasmic
packaged
into
vesicles
bypass
Golgi
an
unconventional
protein
(UPS)
pathway.
Molecular Plant Pathology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(12)
Published: Dec. 1, 2024
ABSTRACT
Fungal
plant
pathogens
cause
major
crop
losses
worldwide,
with
many
featuring
compartmentalised
genomes
that
include
both
core
and
accessory
regions,
which
are
believed
to
drive
adaptation.
The
highly
host‐specific
fungus
Colletotrichum
lupini
greatly
impacts
lupin
(
Lupinus
spp.)
cultivation.
This
pathogen
is
part
of
clade
1
the
C.
acutatum
species
complex
comprises
four
genetically
uniform,
presumably
clonal,
lineages
(I–IV).
Despite
this,
variation
in
virulence
morphology
has
been
observed
within
these
lineages.
To
investigate
potential
sources
genetic
variability
this
asexual
fungus,
we
compared
16
strains
17
related
species.
Phylogenomics
confirmed
presence
distinct
lineages,
but
further
examination
based
on
genome
size,
gene
content,
transposable
elements
(TEs),
deletions
revealed
lineage
II
could
be
split
into
two
groups,
II‐A
II‐B.
TE
content
varied
between
correlated
strongly
size
variation,
supporting
a
role
for
TEs
expansion
Pangenome
analysis
variable
genome,
including
minichromosome
present
II,
III,
IV,
absent
I.
Accessory
genes
effectors
appeared
cluster
proximity
TEs.
Presence/absence
putative
was
lineage‐specific,
suggesting
play
crucial
determining
host
range.
Notably,
no
were
found
TE‐rich
minichromosome.
Our
findings
shed
light
mechanisms
generating
diversity
fungal
aid
future
disease
management.