Pharmacological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
63(2), P. 291 - 315
Published: March 17, 2011
A
significant
challenge
for
neuroscientists
is
to
determine
how
both
electrical
and
chemical
signals
affect
the
activity
of
cells
circuits
nervous
system
subsequently
translates
that
into
behavior.
Remote,
bidirectional
manipulation
those
with
high
spatiotemporal
precision
an
ideal
approach
addressing
challenge.
Neuroscientists
have
recently
developed
a
diverse
set
tools
permit
such
experimental
varying
degrees
spatial,
temporal,
directional
control.
These
use
light,
peptides,
small
molecules
primarily
activate
ion
channels
G
protein-coupled
receptors
(GPCRs)
in
turn
or
inhibit
neuronal
firing.
By
monitoring
electrophysiological,
biochemical,
behavioral
effects
activation/inhibition,
researchers
can
better
understand
links
between
brain
Here,
we
review
are
available
this
type
experimentation.
We
describe
development
highlight
exciting
vivo
data.
focus
on
designer
GPCRs
(receptors
activated
solely
by
synthetic
ligands,
exclusively
drugs)
microbial
opsins
(e.g.,
channelrhodopsin-2,
halorhodopsin,
Volvox
carteri
channelrhodopsin)
but
also
other
novel
techniques
orthogonal
receptors,
caged
allosteric
modulators,
approaches.
differ
direction
their
effect
(activation/inhibition,
hyperpolarization/depolarization),
onset
offset
kinetics
(milliseconds/minutes/hours),
degree
spatial
resolution
they
afford,
invasiveness.
Although
none
these
perfect,
each
has
advantages
disadvantages,
which
describe,
all
still
works
progress.
conclude
suggestions
improving
upon
existing
tools.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
34(1), P. 389 - 412
Published: March 2, 2011
Genetically
encoded,
single-component
optogenetic
tools
have
made
a
significant
impact
on
neuroscience,
enabling
specific
modulation
of
selected
cells
within
complex
neural
tissues.
As
the
toolbox
contents
grow
and
diversify,
opportunities
for
neuroscience
continue
to
grow.
In
this
review,
we
outline
development
currently
available
summarize
application
various
in
diverse
model
organisms.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
69, P. 313 - 332
Published: July 8, 2016
Depression
is
associated
with
social
risk
factors,
impairments
and
poor
functioning.
This
paper
gives
an
overview
of
these
aspects
using
the
NIMH
Research
Domain
Criteria
'Systems
for
Social
Processes'
as
a
framework.
In
particular,
it
describes
bio-psycho-social
interplay
regarding
impaired
affiliation
attachment
(social
anhedonia,
hyper-sensitivity
to
rejection,
competition
avoidance,
increased
altruistic
punishment),
communication
(impaired
emotion
recognition,
diminished
cooperativeness),
perception
(reduced
empathy,
theory-of-mind
deficits)
their
impact
on
networks
use
media.
It
dysfunctional
processes
at
behavioural,
neuroanatomical,
neurochemical
genetic
levels,
respect
animal
models
stress.
We
discuss
diagnostic
specificity
deficit
constructs
depression
in
relation
severity.
Since
factors
are
importantly
involved
pathogenesis
consequences
depression,
such
research
will
likely
contribute
better
assessments
concepts,
treatments
preventative
strategies
both
transdiagnostic
level.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Dec. 17, 2015
Patients
with
chronic
inflammation
are
often
associated
the
emergence
of
depression
symptoms,
while
diagnosed
depressed
patients
show
increased
levels
circulating
cytokines.
Further
studies
revealed
activation
brain
immune
cell
microglia
in
a
greater
magnitude
individuals
that
committed
suicide,
indicating
crucial
role
for
neuroinflammation
pathogenesis.
Rapid
advances
understanding
microglial
and
astrocytic
neurobiology
were
obtained
past
fifteen
to
twenty
years.
Indeed,
recent
data
reveal
play
an
important
managing
neuronal
death,
neurogenesis,
synaptic
interactions,
besides
their
involvement
immune-response
generating
The
communication
between
neurons
is
essential
synchronize
these
diverse
functions
activity.
Evidence
accumulating
secreted
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs),
comprising
ectosomes
exosomes
size
ranging
from
0.1
1
μm,
key
players
intercellular
signaling.
These
EVs
may
carry
specific
proteins,
mRNAs
microRNAs
(miRNAs).
Transfer
was
shown
be
mediated
by
oligodendrocytes,
astrocytes
either
supportive
neurons,
or
instead
disseminate
disease.
Interestingly,
several
reports
have
identified
changes
miRNAs
patients,
which
target
not
only
pathways
plasticity,
learning
memory
but
also
production
neurotrophic
factors
modulation.
In
this
article,
we
discuss
depression,
namely
dynamic
alterations
status
response
stimulation,
how
phenotypes
etiological
neurodegeneneration,
particular
depressive-like
behavior.
We
will
overview
miRNAs,
exosomes,
regulating
critical
they
contribute
other
disorders
including
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis,
Alzheimer's
disease
Parkinson
disease,
share
neuroinflammatory-associated
processes.
Specific
reference
made
as
potential
biomarkers
monitoring
approaches,
focusing
on
potentialities
drug
delivery
vehicles
putative
therapeutic
strategies
using
autologous
exosome-based
systems
treat
neurodegenerative
psychiatric
disorders.
