Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools

Ecology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 97(11), P. 2952 - 2963

Published: July 26, 2016

The majority of humanity now lives in cities or towns, with this proportion expected to continue increasing for the foreseeable future. As novel ecosystems, urban areas offer an ideal opportunity examine multi-scalar processes involved community assembly as well role human activities modulating environmental drivers biodiversity. Although ecologists have made great strides recent decades at documenting ecological relationships areas, much remains unknown, and we still need identify major factors, aside from habitat loss, behind persistence extinction species guilds cities. Given paucity knowledge, there is immediate facilitate collaborative, interdisciplinary research on patterns biodiversity multiple spatial scales. In review, introduce a new conceptual framework understanding filtering that mold diversity floras faunas. We hypothesize following hierarchical series filters influence distributions cities: (1) regional climatic biogeographical factors; (2) facilitation; (3) form development history; (4) socioeconomic cultural (5) interactions. addition these filters, life history functional traits are important determining act Using can help frame future needed elucidate areas. Understanding how humans structure will aid management, design, planning our best support

Language: Английский

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A decadal review of urban ornithology and a prospectus for the future

Ibis, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 159(1), P. 1 - 13

Published: Oct. 22, 2016

The study of urban birds has increased exponentially in the last century. A prior review scientific literature up to year 2000 found 100 research articles on birds, but past decade alone, over 1000 have been published. Here I studies from 2006–2015 characterize their approach, location, general findings and recent obsessions, with an eye toward suggesting important future directions. Urban ornithology remains centred northern hemisphere, although there is a rapid increase southern, tropical biodiverse settings. Studies north changed documentation composition avifaunas include many demographic response aspects environments. pattern remain most common Latin America, Asia, Africa, New Zealand Middle East. Across world, ornithologists are revealing evolution behavioural morphological adaptations by environment, much which due phenotypic plasticity. relationship humans nature generally specifically increasingly studied as driver avifaunal change well factor affecting human ethics. rarely experimental, it matured point supporting synthetic reviews meta‐analyses that quantify loss avian diversity city centres, successful discuss role amount arrangement vegetation bird life, explore complex relationships between subsidies hazards life survival reproduction birds. Yet be learned, including how some species thrive cities abundant predators; form location affect peak richness occurs typically at intermediate levels urbanization; significance functional biotic homogenization; ways engaging citizens informs broader environmental land ethic.

Language: Английский

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Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 61(4), P. 373 - 408

Published: Jan. 1, 2015

By transforming landscapes, human activity creates new types of habitats with altered environmental characteristics that never existed before.As the process habitat urbanization bears impact on more and natural habitats, it is essential for us to understand changes we bring forth in ecological forces shaping urban animal communities.Birds are perhaps most frequently studied model organisms by ecologists.It a well known general pattern avian communities have typically reduced species richness, while density few successful often higher cities than adjacent habitats.But less understood which mechanisms generate uphold these community-level changes.In this review discuss important components environment influencing birds' physiology, behaviour or morphology, compile several recent studies illustrate their effects.To food webs also results bottom-up top-down approach suggest availability predation may play key roles forming bird communities.We encourage future research focus experimental, manipulative studies, would help not just realize patterns but shed light mechanisms, underlying processes prompting communities.

Language: Английский

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Categorizing wildlife responses to urbanization and conservation implications of terminology

Conservation Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 29(4), P. 1246 - 1248

Published: Jan. 7, 2015

Language: Английский

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Individual variation in anthropogenic resource use in an urban carnivore

Oecologia, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 178(1), P. 115 - 128

Published: Feb. 11, 2015

Language: Английский

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A review of urban impacts on avian life‐history evolution: Does city living lead to slower pace of life?

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 1452 - 1469

Published: Nov. 23, 2017

The concept of a pace-of-life syndrome describes inter- and intraspecific variation in several life-history traits along slow-to-fast continuum, with long lifespans, low reproductive metabolic rates, elevated somatic defences at the slow end continuum opposite fast end. Pace-of-life can vary relation to local environmental conditions (e.g. latitude, altitude), here we propose that this may also occur an anthropogenically modified gradient. Based on body literature supporting idea city birds have longer predict urban slower compared rural thus invest more self maintenance less annual reproduction. Our statistical meta-analysis two key related pace-of-life, survival breeding investment (clutch size), indicated generally higher survival, but smaller clutch sizes. latter finding (smaller clutches habitats) seemed be mainly characteristic passerines. We reviewed urbanization studies other associated are either or self-maintenance. Though sample sizes were too small conduct formal meta-analyses, published suggests tend produce lower-quality sexual signals offspring care. is agreement adult hypothesis, proposing prospects favour fewer per year. According our differences age structure should arise between populations, providing novel alternative explanation for physiological earlier breeding. encourage research investigating how telomere dynamics, immune defences, antioxidants oxidative damage different tissues gradient, suggest applying framework gradient might next direction improve understanding as evolutionary process.

Language: Английский

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The evolutionary consequences of human–wildlife conflict in cities

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 178 - 197

Published: Sept. 17, 2020

Human-wildlife interactions, including human-wildlife conflict, are increasingly common as expanding urbanization worldwide creates more opportunities for people to encounter wildlife. Wildlife-vehicle collisions, zoonotic disease transmission, property damage, and physical attacks or their pets have negative consequences both wildlife, underscoring the need comprehensive strategies that mitigate prevent conflict altogether. Management techniques often aim deter, relocate, remove individual organisms, all of which may present a significant selective force in urban nonurban systems. Management-induced selection significantly affect adaptive nonadaptive evolutionary processes populations, yet few studies explicate links among wildlife management, evolution. Moreover, intensity management can vary considerably by taxon, public perception, policy, religious cultural beliefs, geographic region, underscores complexity developing flexible tools reduce conflict. Here, we cross-disciplinary perspective integrates evolution address how social-ecological drive adaptation cities. We emphasize variance implemented actions shapes strength rate phenotypic change. also consider specific either promote genetic plastic changes, leveraging those biological inferences could help optimize while minimizing Investigating an phenomenon provide insights into arises plays critical role shaping phenotypes.

Language: Английский

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Global Patterns and Drivers of Urban Bird Diversity

Springer eBooks, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 13 - 33

Published: Jan. 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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A meta-analysis indicates reduced predation pressure with increasing urbanization

Landscape and Urban Planning, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 180, P. 54 - 59

Published: Aug. 25, 2018

Language: Английский

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The Complexity of Urban Eco-evolutionary Dynamics

BioScience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 70(9), P. 772 - 793

Published: July 7, 2020

Abstract Urbanization is changing Earth's ecosystems by altering the interactions and feedbacks between fundamental ecological evolutionary processes that maintain life. Humans in cities alter eco-evolutionary play simultaneously both actors stage on which takes place. modifies land surfaces, microclimates, habitat connectivity, networks, food webs, species diversity, composition. These environmental changes can lead to phenotypic, genetic, cultural makeup of wild populations have important consequences for ecosystem function essential services nature provides human society, such as nutrient cycling, pollination, seed dispersal, production, water air purification. Understanding monitoring urbanization-induced inform strategies achieve sustainability. In present article, we propose understanding these dynamics requires rigorous characterization urbanizing regions rapidly evolving, tightly coupled human–natural systems. We explore how emergent properties urbanization affect across space time. identify five key urban drivers change—habitat modification, heterogeneity, novel disturbances, biotic interactions—and highlight direct urbanization-driven change nature's contributions people. Then, emerging complexities—landscape complexity, discontinuities, socio-ecological cross-scale interactions, legacies time lags—that need be tackled future research. evolving metacommunity concept a powerful framework study dynamics.

Language: Английский

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