COVID-19 and Long COVID: Disruption of the Neurovascular Unit, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Tight Junctions

The Neuroscientist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 30(4), P. 421 - 439

Published: Sept. 11, 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of disease 2019 (COVID-19), could affect brain structure and function. SARS-CoV-2 can enter through different routes, including olfactory, trigeminal, vagus nerves, blood immunocytes. may also from peripheral a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). The neurovascular unit in brain, composed neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, protects parenchyma by regulating entry substances blood. astrocytes highly express angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2), indicating that BBB be disturbed lead to derangements tight junction adherens proteins. This leads increased permeability, leakage components, movement immune cells into parenchyma. cross microvascular an ACE2 receptor–associated pathway. exact mechanism dysregulation COVID-19/neuro-COVID is not clearly known, nor development long COVID. Various biomarkers indicate severity neurologic complications COVID-19 help objectively diagnose those developing review highlights importance disruption, as well some potentially useful COVID-19, COVID/neuro-COVID.

Language: Английский

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Role of microglia in brain development after viral infection

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Jan. 16, 2024

Microglia are immune cells in the brain that originate from yolk sac and enter developing before birth. They play critical roles development by supporting neural precursor proliferation, synaptic pruning, circuit formation. However, microglia also vulnerable to environmental factors, such as infection stress may alter their phenotype function. Viral activates produce inflammatory cytokines anti-viral responses protect damage. excessive or prolonged microglial activation impairs leads long-term consequences autism spectrum disorder schizophrenia disorder. Moreover, certain viruses attack deploy them “Trojan horses” infiltrate brain. In this brief review, we describe function of during examine after through microglia-neural crosstalk. We identify limitations for current studies highlight future investigated questions.

Language: Английский

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Dermatologic Changes in Experimental Model of Long COVID

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 272 - 272

Published: Jan. 27, 2024

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, declared in early 2020, has left an indelible mark on global health, with over 7.0 million deaths and persistent challenges. While the pharmaceutical industry raced to develop vaccines, emergence of mutant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains continues pose a significant threat. Beyond immediate concerns, long-term health repercussions COVID-19 survivors are garnering attention, particularly due documented cases cardiovascular issues, liver dysfunction, pulmonary complications, kidney impairments, notable neurocognitive deficits. Recent studies have delved into pathophysiological changes various organs following post-acute infection murine hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1), coronavirus, mice. One aspect that stands out is impact skin, previously underexplored facet effects. research reveals cutaneous findings during both phases post-MHV-1 infection, mirroring certain alterations observed humans post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. In stages, mice exhibited destruction epidermal layer, increased hair follicles, extensive collagen deposition dermal hyperplasticity sebaceous glands. Moreover, thinning panniculus carnosus adventitial layer was noted, consistent human studies. A investigation revealed absence adipose tissues, further damage layer. Remarkably, treatment synthetic peptide, SPIKENET (SPK), designed prevent Spike glycoprotein-1 binding host receptors elicit potent anti-inflammatory response, showed protection against MHV-1 Precisely, SPK restored follicle loss re-architected layers, successfully overhauled fatty tissue destruction. These promising underscore potential as therapeutic intervention skin initiated by SARS-CoV-2, providing glimmer hope battle lingering effects pandemic.

Language: Английский

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Prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection results in neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes in mice

JCI Insight, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(13)

Published: May 23, 2024

Prenatal exposure to viral pathogens has been known cause the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood. Furthermore, COVID-19 associated with a variety neurological manifestations, raising question whether utero SARS-CoV-2 can affect neurodevelopment, resulting long-lasting behavioral and cognitive deficits. Using human ACE-2-knock-in mouse model, we have previously shown that prenatal at later stages leads fetal brain infection gliosis hippocampus cortex. In this study, aimed determine if results long-term neuroanatomical alterations cortex hippocampus, as well any deficits Here, show infected mice developed slower weighed less We also found altered hippocampal amygdala volume aberrant newborn neuron morphology adult utero. observed sex-dependent anxiety-like behavior locomotion, hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. Taken together, our study revealed changes result infection, identifying window for early intervention highlighting importance immunization antiviral pregnant women.

Language: Английский

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Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on the placenta and fetus

Seminars in Perinatology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 48(4), P. 151919 - 151919

Published: June 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Mimickers of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Clinics in Perinatology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review

World Journal of Clinical Cases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(22), P. 5252 - 5272

Published: Aug. 4, 2023

BACKGROUND It is common for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to occur in the gastrointestinal tract, which can present itself as an initial symptom. The severity of disease 2019 (COVID-19) often reflected prevalence symptoms. COVID-19 damage nerve supply digestive system, leading autonomic dysfunction. There still much learn about how affects nervous system and tract. AIM To thoroughly explore epidemiology clinical aspects COVID-19-induced dysfunction, including its manifestations, potential mechanisms, diagnosis, differential impact on quality life, prognosis, management prevention strategies. METHODS We conducted a thorough systematic search across various databases performed extensive literature review. Our review encompassed 113 studies published English from January 2000 April 18, 2023. RESULTS According most literature, dysfunction seriously affect patient's life ultimate prognosis. Numerous factors influence functions. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has well-documented affinity both neural tissues, virus produce symptoms by reaching tissues through different pathways. These include anorexia, dysgeusia, heartburn, belching, chest pain, regurgitation, vomiting, epigastric burn, diarrhea, abdominal bloating, irregular bowel movements, constipation. Diarrhea prevalent symptom, followed nausea, pain. Although vaccination may rarely induce symptoms, effects significantly condition, general health, life. Early diagnosis proper recognition are crucial improving outcomes. important consider these be induced diseases other than Treating this challenging task. CONCLUSION ensure best possible outcomes patients, it essential take multidisciplinary approach involving providing supportive care, treating underlying infection, managing monitoring complications, offering nutritional support. Close condition crucial, prompt intervention should taken if necessary. Furthermore, conducting research caused vital manage effectively.

Language: Английский

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Fetal brain vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 112, P. 188 - 205

Published: June 16, 2023

Whether or not SARS-CoV-2 can cross from mother to fetus during a prenatal infection has been controversial; however, recent evidence such as viral RNA detection in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid, well the discovery of additional entry receptors fetal tissues suggests potential for transmission fetus. Furthermore, neonates exposed maternal COVID-19 later development have displayed neurodevelopmental motor skill deficiencies, suggesting consequential neurological inflammation utero. Thus, we investigated consequences on developing brain using human ACE2 knock-in mice. In this model, found that tissues, including brain, occurred at developmental stages, primarily targeted male fetuses. largely within vasculature, but also other cells neurons, glia, choroid plexus cells; replication increased cell death were observed tissues. Interestingly, early gross differences between infected mock-infected offspring, high levels gliosis seen brains 7 days post initial despite clearance time point. pregnant mice, more severe infections, with greater weight loss dissemination compared non-pregnant Surprisingly, did observe an increase antiviral IFN response these showing clinical signs disease. Overall, findings concerning implications regarding neurodevelopment pregnancy complications following exposure.

Language: Английский

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Relationship between COVID-19 and orofacial clefts

General Physiology and Biophysics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 43(04), P. 313 - 319

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

e work presents the connection between infection of COVID-19 during pregnancy and non-syndromic orofacial cle s (NSOFC).Aim study was to compare incidence disease mother´s a group children with NSOFC control without NSOFC.COVID-19 con rmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.e showed signi cantly higher in mothers who gave birth child comparison NSOFC.Our results indicate possible participation formation NSOFC.

Language: Английский

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How Much Does SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy Affect the Neonatal Brain, Heart and Kidney? A Parallel between COVID-19, Vaccination and Normal Pregnancy

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

During the last decades, a growing number of studies have shown that infections during pregnancy an important impact on both pregnant women and their fetuses. Our goal was to identify newborns from pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection investigate extension neonatal complications using cardiac, abdominal cerebral ultrasonography, hearing testing indirect ophthalmoscopy. By contrast, neonates whose mothers were vaccinated against COVID-19 those pathology-free been examined. A total 458 included, over period 10 months, divided into 3 groups, group, vaccine group control group. Although 6 cardiac malformations found in no correlation made compared (p=0.07). Grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy most prevalent among (p=0.002 p<0.001, respectively). The kidney anomaly be frequent this grade unilateral hydronephrosis (p<0.001). disease gestational had effect auditory or visual function. Despite fact our observations are relevant, further investigating effects outcomes necessary.

Language: Английский

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