Infectivity and Persistence of Influenza A Virus in Raw Milk DOI Creative Commons
Alessandro Zulli, Mengyang Zhang, S.M. de Jong

et al.

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 12, 2024

Influenza A viruses present important public health risks, with recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in dairy cattle raising concerns about potential transmission through raw milk consumption. This study investigated the persistence virus H1N1 PR8 (IAV PR8) cow at 4 °C. We found a first-order decay rate constant −2.05 day–1 equivalent to T99 2.3 days. Viral RNA remained detectable for least 57 days no degradation. Pasteurization (63 °C 30 min) reduced infectious undetectable levels and viral concentrations, but reduction was less than 1 log10. These findings highlight risk zoonotic consumption underscore importance pasteurization. The prolonged both pasteurized has implications food safety assessments environmental monitoring, particularly context surveillance viruses.

Language: Английский

Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza DOI Creative Commons
Julio Álvarez, Anette Boklund, Sabine Dippel

et al.

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

A risk assessment framework was developed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of avian influenza (AI), focusing on virus mutations linked phenotypic traits related mammalian adaptation identified in literature. Virus sequences were screened for presence these and their geographical, temporal subtype-specific trends. Spillover events mammals (including humans) human seroprevalence studies also reviewed. Thirty-four associated with five (increased receptor specificity, haemagglutinin stability, neuraminidase enhanced polymerase activity evasion innate immunity) shortlisted. AI viruses (AIVs) carrying multiple adaptive belonged both low highly pathogenic subtypes, mainly A(H9N2), A(H7N9), A(H5N6) A(H3N8), sporadic primarily detected Asia. In EU/EEA, H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b, which have increased opportunities evolution due widespread circulation birds occasional cases/outbreaks mammals, acquired highest number traits. Adaptive traits, such as immune evasion, frequently acquired, while receptor-specific remained rare. Globally, cases remain rare, majority overall A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) A(H9N2) that are among subtypes tend a higher The main drivers include host characteristics, external factors increasing AIV exposure humans wild domestic (e.g. activities ecological factors). Comprehensive surveillance AIVs targeting whole genome sequencing animals is essential early detection efficient implementation control measures. All preparedness, preventive measures must be implemented under One Health tailored setting epidemiological situation; particular, monitoring, biosecurity, genomic global collaboration critical mitigating risks AIV.

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Coordinated One Health investigation and management of outbreaks in humans and animals caused by zoonotic avian influenza viruses DOI Creative Commons
Theresa Enkirch,

Andrea Gervelmeyer,

Luisa K. Hallmaier‐Wacker

et al.

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

When investigating and controlling outbreaks caused by zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIV), a One Health approach is key. However, knowledge-sharing on AIV-specific strategies, tools action plans remains limited across the EU/EEA. It crucial to establish responsibilities, capacity requirements, collaboration mechanisms during 'peace time' enable timely effective outbreak investigations management. This report focuses five scenarios for investigation management of AIV at human-animal-environment interface, emphasising key actions stakeholders involved. The document primarily highlights collaborative framework necessary interdisciplinary coordinated responses, referring more detailed guidance technical reports published elsewhere when applicable. Three are triggered suspected in animals, including kept animals listed species, non-listed companion wild birds/mammals. other two initiated probable human case or detection virus wastewater environmental samples (e.g. surface water sources). All require cross-sectoral coordination approach. While specific sequence communication needs may differ scenarios, overarching response remain consistent. By presenting each scenario alongside integrated stakeholders, identifies critical development needs, such as data sharing platforms); points information exchange sectors, triggers joint risk assessments, gaps existing knowledge. should assist developing documents facilitate humans viruses.

Language: Английский

Citations

2
The Impact of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in the United States: A Scoping Review of Past Detections and Present Outbreaks DOI Creative Commons
Alejandro Mena, Michael E. von Fricken, Benjamin D. Anderson

et al.

Viruses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 307 - 307

Published: Feb. 24, 2025

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) was first detected in chickens Scottland 1959 and has since circulated globally, causing regular outbreaks among different animal species, as well incidental infections humans. In this scoping review, the epidemiology impact of HPAI migratory birds, poultry, cattle United States were analyzed, with a particular focus on January 2022. Following PRISMA guidelines, total 27 articles identified for review. Publicly available data reports from USDA CDC also evaluated summarized. The primarily included epidemiological studies detections wild mammals, case transmission dynamics cattle, notable absence poultry-focused reports. Wild especially have played an important role virus dissemination. Studies including seals, bears, domestic cats, along emerging outbreak highlight virus’s ability to adapt diverse hosts, possibility mammal-to-mammal transmission. Despite low number human infections, zoonotic risk disease remain significant. complexity risks associated virus, comparison limited current scientific States, demand further investigations mitigate its animals, ecosystems, health.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Avian Influenza A(H5) Subtype in Wastewater — Oregon, September 15, 2021–July 11, 2024 DOI Open Access

Rebecca Falender,

Tyler S. Radniecki, Christine Kelly

et al.

MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 74(6), P. 102 - 106

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Wastewater surveillance is an important tool in the of emerging pathogens and has been leveraged during highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus outbreak cattle poultry United States. Interpretation A(H5) subtype detections wastewater requires understanding human animal contributors to sewershed because current testing does not distinguish between sources. Potential include wild birds, farms with or dairy outbreaks, processing facilities. Retrospective analysis 551 A virus-positive samples from 20 sites Oregon September 15, 2021-July 11, 2024, revealed 21 across 12 communities. Avian began approximately 6 weeks before Oregon's first HPAI domestic poultry, 7 detection 2 years States (Oregon detected milk). No association was found a community's history among county presence facilities within sewershed. most frequently two communities bird habitats. Animal inputs, including should be considered when interpreting wastewater.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Benefits of Masks as a School-Based Prevention Intervention Outweigh the Risks DOI
Chloe A. Teasdale, Sasha A. Fleary

American Journal of Public Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 115(4), P. 451 - 453

Published: March 12, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Is a human H5N1 pandemic inevitable? DOI
Effrossyni Gkrania‐Klotsas, Anne L. Wyllie, Pikka Jokelainen

et al.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Emergence and interstate spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in dairy cattle in the United States DOI
Thao-Quyen Nguyen, Carl R. Hutter, Alexey Markin

et al.

Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 388(6745)

Published: April 24, 2025

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses cross species barriers and have the potential to cause pandemics. In North America, HPAI A(H5N1) related goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin phylogenetic clade infected wild birds, poultry, mammals. Our genomic analysis epidemiological investigation showed that a reassortment event in bird populations preceded single bird–to-cattle transmission episode. The movement of asymptomatic or presymptomatic cattle has likely played role spread within United States dairy herd. Some molecular markers may lead changes efficiency phenotype were detected at low frequencies. Continued H5N1 increases risk for infection subsequent virus human populations.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Challenges and Opportunities for Wastewater Monitoring of Influenza Viruses During the Multistate Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Dairy Cattle and Poultry DOI
Margaret A. Honein, Sonja J. Olsen, Daniel B. Jernigan

et al.

American Journal of Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e1 - e4

Published: Sept. 19, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Infectivity and persistence of influenza viruses in raw milk DOI Creative Commons
Alessandro Zulli, Mengyang Zhang, S.M. de Jong

et al.

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 12, 2024

Abstract Influenza A viruses present a significant public health risk, with recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in dairy cattle raising concerns about potential transmission through raw milk consumption. This study investigated the persistence virus PR8 (IAV PR8) cow at 4 °C. We found that IAV remained infectious for up to 5 days, decay rate constant −2.05 day −1 . In contrast, viral RNA detectable and stable least 57 no degradation. Pasteurization (63°C 30 minutes) significantly reduced concentrations, but reduction was less than 1 log. These findings highlight risk zoonotic consumption underscore importance pasteurization. The prolonged both pasteurized has implications food safety assessments environmental monitoring, particularly context surveillance viruses. Synopsis is persistent milk, even after pasteurization, it remains days refrigerated milk.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
A Narrative Review of High Throughput Wastewater Sample Processing for Infectious Disease Surveillance: Challenges, Progress, and Future Opportunities DOI Open Access

Bhuvanesh Kumar Shanmugam,

Maryam Alqaydi,

Degan Abdisalam

et al.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(11), P. 1432 - 1432

Published: Oct. 29, 2024

During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) surveillance played a crucial role in evaluating infection rates, analyzing variants, and identifying hot spots community. This expanded possibilities for using wastewater to monitor prevalence of infectious diseases. The full potential WBE remains hindered by several factors, such as lack information on survival pathogens sewage, heterogenicity matrices, inconsistent sampling practices, standard test methods, variable sensitivity analytical techniques. In this study, we review aforementioned challenges, cost implications, process automation, prospects full-fledged community health screening. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted relevant keywords, peer reviewed articles pertinent our research focus were selected with aim serving reference related monitoring early epidemic detection.

Language: Английский

Citations

1