Carry-over effects as drivers of fitness differences in animals

Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 80(1), P. 4 - 18

Published: Aug. 19, 2010

1. Carry-over effects occur when processes in one season influence the success of an individual following season. This phenomenon has potential to explain a large amount variation fitness, but so far only been described limited number species. is largely due difficulties associated with tracking individuals between periods annual cycle, also because lack research specifically designed examine hypotheses related carry-over effects. 2. We review known mechanisms that drive effects, most notably macronutrient supply, and highlight types life histories ecological situations where we would expect them often occur. identify other require investigation, including micronutrients such as antioxidants. 3. propose series experiments estimate relative contributions extrinsic intrinsic quality pre-breeding season, which turn will allow accurate estimation magnitude To date this proven immensely difficult, hope experimental frameworks here stimulate new avenues vital advancing our understanding how can shape animal histories. 4. explore state-dependent modelling tool for investigating its ability calculate optimal rates acquisition multitude resources over course it allows us vary strength density-dependent relationships alter either synergistic or agonistic fashion. 5. In conclusion are likely be more widespread than currently indicated, they driven by factors both macro- micronutrients. For reason could feasibly responsible observed performance among individuals, consequently warrant wealth decompose components fitness attributes across within seasons.

Language: Английский

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Ecological and evolutionary implications of food subsidies from humans

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 1501 - 1514

Published: Oct. 18, 2013

Abstract Human activities are the main current driver of global change. From hunter‐gatherers through to Neolithic societies–and particularly in contemporary industrialised countries–humans have (voluntarily or involuntarily) provided other animals with food, often a high spatio‐temporal predictability. Nowadays, as much 30–40% all food produced Earth is wasted. We argue here that predictable anthropogenic subsidies ( PAFS ) historically by humans has shaped many communities and ecosystems we see them nowadays. improve individual fitness triggering population increases opportunistic species, which may affect communities, webs altering processes such competition, predator–prey interactions nutrient transfer between biotopes ecosystems. also show decrease temporal variability, increase resilience species reduce community diversity. Recent environmental policies, regulation dumps ban fishing discards, constitute natural experiments should our understanding role supply range ecological evolutionary at ecosystem level. Comparison subsidised non‐subsidised can help predict changes diversity related services suffered impact change agents.

Language: Английский

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Avian productivity in urban landscapes: a review and meta‐analysis

Ibis, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 151(1), P. 1 - 18

Published: Dec. 18, 2008

There is an urgent need to thoroughly review and comprehend the effects of urbanization on wildlife in order understand both ecological implications increasing how mitigate its threat biodiversity globally. We examined patterns comparative productivity urban non‐urban passerine birds, using published estimates from paired comparisons, by reviewing developing explanations terms resources, competitors, predators other specifically environmental factors. The most consistent were for earlier lay dates, lower clutch size, nestling weight per nesting attempt landscapes; these supported a formal meta‐analysis. Nest failure rates did not show across species considered. suggest that food availability key driver differences demography between landscapes. In habitats, human‐provided may improve adult condition over winter, leading dates and, some species, higher survival breeding densities, but paucity natural lead attempt. demonstrate additional research needed wider range availability, dispersal populations. Importantly, better‐targeted monitoring areas are at greatest urbanization, especially world.

Language: Английский

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A national scale inventory of resource provision for biodiversity within domestic gardens

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 142(4), P. 761 - 771

Published: Jan. 29, 2009

Language: Английский

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Linking anthropogenic resources to wildlife–pathogen dynamics: a review and meta‐analysis

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 18(5), P. 483 - 495

Published: March 21, 2015

Abstract Urbanisation and agriculture cause declines for many wildlife, but some species benefit from novel resources, especially food, provided in human‐dominated habitats. Resulting shifts wildlife ecology can alter infectious disease dynamics create opportunities cross‐species transmission, yet predicting host–pathogen responses to resource provisioning is challenging. Factors enhancing such as increased aggregation, could be offset by better host immunity due improved nutrition. Here, we conduct a review meta‐analysis show that food results highly heterogeneous infection outcomes depend on pathogen type anthropogenic source. We also find empirical support behavioural immune mechanisms through which human‐provided resources exposure tolerance pathogens. A of recent theoretical models shows changes contact rates produce strong non‐linear invasion prevalence. By integrating our back into framework, amplifies under aggregation tolerance, reduces transmission if provisioned decreases dietary parasites. These carry implications management highlight areas future work, how might affect virulence evolution.

Language: Английский

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Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

Springer eBooks, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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Why garden for wildlife? Social and ecological drivers, motivations and barriers for biodiversity management in residential landscapes

Ecological Economics, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 86, P. 258 - 273

Published: Oct. 6, 2012

Language: Английский

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Urbanization and the Predation Paradox: The Role of Trophic Dynamics in Structuring Vertebrate Communities

BioScience, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 62(9), P. 809 - 818

Published: Sept. 1, 2012

As the pace and extent of urbanization increase, an understanding mechanisms that shape wildlife communities in cities will be essential to their effective management. Predation could important determinant structure these communities, but research date suggests a predation paradox: Vertebrate predator numbers increase with urbanization, whereas rates decline. We reviewed studies on abundance survival terrestrial vertebrates urban nonurban contexts evaluate whether paradox is widespread phenomenon. conclude there substantial support for it. discuss hypotheses explain suggest has fundamentally altered trophic dynamics by reducing top-down control through multiple increasing bottom-up forcing greater availability anthropogenic foods. The are summarized conceptual model generates testable predictions designed advance our metropolitan areas.

Language: Английский

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Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: A review and management recommendations

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 204, P. 163 - 174

Published: Nov. 12, 2016

Language: Английский

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A decadal review of urban ornithology and a prospectus for the future

Ibis, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 159(1), P. 1 - 13

Published: Oct. 22, 2016

The study of urban birds has increased exponentially in the last century. A prior review scientific literature up to year 2000 found 100 research articles on birds, but past decade alone, over 1000 have been published. Here I studies from 2006–2015 characterize their approach, location, general findings and recent obsessions, with an eye toward suggesting important future directions. Urban ornithology remains centred northern hemisphere, although there is a rapid increase southern, tropical biodiverse settings. Studies north changed documentation composition avifaunas include many demographic response aspects environments. pattern remain most common Latin America, Asia, Africa, New Zealand Middle East. Across world, ornithologists are revealing evolution behavioural morphological adaptations by environment, much which due phenotypic plasticity. relationship humans nature generally specifically increasingly studied as driver avifaunal change well factor affecting human ethics. rarely experimental, it matured point supporting synthetic reviews meta‐analyses that quantify loss avian diversity city centres, successful discuss role amount arrangement vegetation bird life, explore complex relationships between subsidies hazards life survival reproduction birds. Yet be learned, including how some species thrive cities abundant predators; form location affect peak richness occurs typically at intermediate levels urbanization; significance functional biotic homogenization; ways engaging citizens informs broader environmental land ethic.

Language: Английский

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