Observed and anticipated impacts of drought on forest insects and diseases in the United States

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 380, P. 321 - 334

Published: May 11, 2016

Language: Английский

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Microclimatic buffering in forests of the future: the role of local water balance

Ecography, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 42(1), P. 1 - 11

Published: June 21, 2018

Forest canopies buffer climate extremes and promote microclimates that may function as refugia for understory species under changing climate. However, the biophysical conditions maintain microclimatic buffering its stability through time are largely unresolved. We posited forest is sensitive to local water balance canopy cover, we measured this effect during growing season across a gradient in forests of northwestern United States (US). found maximum temperature vapor pressure deficit (VPD), with biologically meaningful sizes. For example, season, VPD at least 50% were 5.3°C 1.1 kPa lower on average, respectively, compared areas without cover. Canopy was greater higher levels varied balance, implying effects subject changes hydrology. project mid‐21st century predict how such impact ability western US extremes. Our results suggest some will lose their capacity sites become increasingly limited. Changes combined accelerating losses due increases frequency severity disturbance create potentially non‐linear microclimate forests.

Language: Английский

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Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options

Ecological Applications, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 26(5), P. 1437 - 1455

Published: May 10, 2016

Abstract We review and synthesize information on invasions of nonnative forest insects diseases in the United States, including their ecological economic impacts, pathways arrival, distribution within policy options for reducing future invasions. Nonnative have accumulated States forests at a rate ~2.5 per yr over last 150 yr. Currently two major introduction are importation live plants wood packing material such as pallets crates. Introduced occur cities throughout problem is particularly severe N ortheast U pper M idwest. pests only disturbance agent that has effectively eliminated entire tree species or genera from decades. The resulting shift structure composition alters ecosystem functions productivity, nutrient cycling, wildlife habitat. In urban suburban areas, loss trees streets, yards, parks affects aesthetics, property values, shading, stormwater runoff, human health. damage not yet fully known, but likely billions dollars year, with majority this burden borne by municipalities residential owners. Current policies preventing introductions having positive effects insufficient to reduce influx face burgeoning global trade. Options available strengthen defenses against pest arrival establishment, measures taken exporting country prior shipment, ensure clean shipments products, inspections ports entry, post‐entry quarantines, surveillance, eradication programs. Improved data collection procedures inspections, greater accessibility, better reporting would support evaluation effectiveness. Lack additional action places nation, local municipalities, owners high risk further damaging costly Adopting stronger establishments new costs control source alleviate now homeowners municipalities.

Language: Английский

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Forest Insects and Climate Change

Current Forestry Reports, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 4(2), P. 35 - 50

Published: April 30, 2018

Climate change affects populations of forest insect pests in a number ways. We reviewed the most recent literature (2013–2017) on this subject including previous reviews topic. provide comprehensive discussion subject, with special attention to range expansion, abundance, impacts ecosystems, and effects communities. considered insects according their major guilds biomes. Effects climate are demonstrated for species guilds, although generalizations results available so far difficult because species-specific responses change. In addition, disentangling direct indirect is complex due large variables affected. Modeling based projections useful when combined mechanistic explanations. Expansion either true or outbreak observed several model species/groups boreal temperate Mechanistic explanations provided few mainly increase winter temperatures. relation can promote outbreaks disrupt trophic interactions decrease severity outbreaks. There good evidence that some bark beetles defoliating influenced by having impact ecosystems as well communities insects.

Language: Английский

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Climate drivers of bark beetle outbreak dynamics in Norway spruce forests

Ecography, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 40(12), P. 1426 - 1435

Published: Nov. 10, 2016

Bark beetles are among the most devastating biotic agents affecting forests globally and several species expected to be favored by climate change. Given potential interactions of insect outbreaks with other abiotic disturbances, potentially strong impact changing disturbance regimes on forest resources, investigating climatic drivers destructive bark beetle is paramount importance. We analyzed 17 time‐series amount wood damaged Ips typographus , pest Norway spruce forests, collected across 8 European countries in last three decades. aimed quantify relative importance key explaining timber loss dynamics, also testing for possible synergistic effects. Local shared same drivers, including increasing summer rainfall deficit warm temperatures. Large availability storm‐felled trees previous year was strongly related an increase loss, likely providing alternative source breeding material. did not find any positive synergy outbreak drivers. On contrary, occurrence large storms reduced effect warming temperatures deficit. The surplus material boosted I. population size above density threshold required colonize kill healthy irrespective triggers. Importantly, we found negative dependence that may provide a mechanism decline after eruptions. Generality effects complex events different geographical areas suggests large‐scale can used as early warning indicators local probability.

Language: Английский

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Climate change, ecosystems and abrupt change: science priorities

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 375(1794), P. 20190105 - 20190105

Published: Jan. 27, 2020

Ecologists have long studied patterns, directions and tempos of change, but there is a pressing need to extend current understanding empirical observations abrupt changes as climate warming accelerates. Abrupt in ecological systems (ACES)-changes that are fast time or relative their drivers-are ubiquitous increasing frequency. Powerful theoretical frameworks exist, yet applications real-world landscapes detect, explain anticipate ACES lagged. We highlight five insights emerging from studies across diverse ecosystems: (i) show some dimensions not others; (ii) extremes may be more important than mean generating ACES; (iii) interactions among multiple drivers often produce (iv) contingencies, such memory, frequency sequence disturbances, spatial context important; (v) tipping points (but always) associated with ACES. suggest research priorities advance the face change. Progress requires strong integration scientific approaches (theory, observations, experiments process-based models) high-quality data drawn array ecosystems. This article part theme issue 'Climate change threats, opportunities solutions'.

Language: Английский

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Temporal ecology in the Anthropocene

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 17(11), P. 1365 - 1379

Published: Sept. 8, 2014

Abstract Two fundamental axes – space and time shape ecological systems. Over the last 30 years spatial ecology has developed as an integrative, multidisciplinary science that improved our understanding of consequences habitat fragmentation loss. We argue accelerating climate change effective manipulation by humans generated a current need to build equivalent framework for temporal ecology. Climate at once pressed ecologists understand predict dynamics in non‐stationary environments, while also challenged assumptions many concepts, models approaches. However, similarities between time, especially related issues scaling, provide outline improving forecasting dynamics, unique attributes particularly its emphasis on events singular direction, highlight where new approaches are needed. emphasise how renewed, interdisciplinary focus would coalesce help develop theories methods guide further data collection. The next challenge will be unite predictive frameworks from robust forecasts when environmental pose largest threats species ecosystems, well identifying best opportunities conservation.

Language: Английский

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Forest health in a changing world: effects of globalization and climate change on forest insect and pathogen impacts

Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 89(3), P. 245 - 252

Published: March 22, 2016

Forests and trees throughout the world are increasingly affected by factors related to global change. Expanding international trade has facilitated invasions of numerous insects pathogens into new regions. Many these have caused substantial forest damage, economic impacts losses ecosystem goods services provided trees. Climate change is already affecting geographic distribution host their associated pathogens, with anticipated increases in pest both native invasive pests. Although climate will benefit many insects, changes thermal conditions may disrupt evolved life history traits cause phenological mismatches. Individually, threats posed ecosystems pests serious. interactions between two drivers outcomes poorly understood hence difficult predict, it clear that cumulative on be exacerbated. Here we introduce synthesize information this special issue Forestry articles illustrate change, management interactions, as well methods assess mitigate impacts. Most contributions were presented at XXIV IUFRO World Congress 2014.

Language: Английский

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Forest disturbance across the conterminous United States from 1985–2012: The emerging dominance of forest decline

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 360, P. 242 - 252

Published: Oct. 30, 2015

Language: Английский

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Small beetle, large‐scale drivers: how regional and landscape factors affect outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 53(2), P. 530 - 540

Published: Sept. 24, 2015

1. Unprecedented bark beetle outbreaks have been observed for a variety of forest ecosystems recently, and damage is expected to further intensify as consequence climate change. In Central Europe, the response ecosystem management increasing infestation risk has hitherto focused largely on stand level, while contingency outbreak dynamics large-scale drivers remains poorly understood. 2. To investigate how factors beyond local scale contribute from Ips typographus (Col., Scol.), we analysed across seven orders magnitude in (from 103 1010 m2) over 23-year period, focusing Bavarian Forest National Park. Time-discrete hazard modelling was used account temporal dependencies. Subsequently, beta regression applied determine influence regional landscape factors, latter characterized by means graph theory. 3. We found that addition variables, also strongly influenced risk. Outbreak waves were closely related landscape-scale connectedness both host populations well levels. Furthermore, summer drought identified an important trigger pulses. Large-scale synchrony connectivity are thus key recently area. 4.Synthesis applications. Our multiscale analysis provides evidence biotic disturbances highly dependent control traditional stand-scale management. This finding highlights importance fostering ability cope with recover disturbance. It furthermore suggests stronger consideration processes needed address changing disturbance regimes

Language: Английский

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