Move Your Body, Boost Your Brain: The Positive Impact of Physical Activity on Cognition across All Age Groups

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 1765 - 1765

Published: June 20, 2023

While the physical improvements from exercise have been well documented over years, impact of activity on mental health has recently become an object interest. Physical improves cognition, particularly attention, memory, and executive functions. However, mechanisms underlying these effects yet to be fully understood. Consequently, we conducted a narrative literature review concerning association between acute chronic cognition provide overview exercise-induced benefits during lifetime person. Most previous papers mainly reported exercise-related greater expression neurotransmitter neurotrophic factors. Recently, structural functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques allowed for detection increased grey matter volumes specific brain regions substantial modifications in default mode, frontoparietal, dorsal attention networks following exercise. Here, highlighted that induced significant changes activation cognitive performance every age group could counteract psychological disorders neural decline. No particular gained better exercise, type generate selected target subject. Further research should develop appropriate intervention programs comorbidity achieve most outcomes.

Language: Английский

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The Interplay between α-Synuclein and Microglia in α-Synucleinopathies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 2477 - 2477

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

Synucleinopathies are a set of devastating neurodegenerative diseases that share pathologic accumulation the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). This causes neuronal death resulting in irreversible dementia, deteriorating motor symptoms, and cognitive decline. While etiology these conditions remains largely unknown, microglia, resident immune cells central nervous system (CNS), have been consistently implicated pathogenesis synucleinopathies. Microglia generally believed to be neuroprotective early stages α-syn contribute further neurodegeneration chronic disease states. molecular mechanisms by which microglia achieve this role still being investigated, here we highlight major findings date. In review, describe how structural varieties inherently disordered result varied microglial receptor-mediated interactions. We also summarize receptors enable cellular recognition uptake α-syn. Lastly, review downstream effects processing within including spread other brain regions neuroinflammation Understanding mechanism interactions with is vital conceptualizing targets for novel therapeutic interventions. addition, given significant diversity pathophysiology synucleinopathies, such gauging all potential pathways state.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of C-3 Side Chain Modifications on Kynurenic Acid: A Behavioral Analysis of Its Analogs in the Motor Domain

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 3394 - 3394

Published: March 16, 2024

The central nervous system (CNS) is the final frontier in drug delivery because of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which poses significant barriers to access most drugs their targets. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite, plays an important role behavioral functions, and abnormal KYNA levels have been observed neuropsychiatric conditions. current challenge lies delivering CNS owing its polar side chain. Recently, C-3 chain-modified analogs shown cross BBB; however, it unclear whether they retain biological functions parent molecule. This study examined impact analogs, specifically, SZR-72, SZR-104, newly developed SZRG-21, on behavior. were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), effects motor domain compared with those KYNA. Specifically, open-field (OF) rotarod (RR) tests employed assess activity skills. SZR-104 increased horizontal exploratory OF test at dose 0.04 μmol/4 μL, while SZR-72 decreased vertical doses 0.1 μL. In RR test, neither nor showed any differences skills either dose. Side chain modification affects affective performance behavior, as results show for first time. this study, we that alter emotional components such motor-associated curiosity emotions. Consequently, design necessitates development precise strategies traverse BBB paying close attention modifications

Language: Английский

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Human Gut Microbiota for Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 5782 - 5782

Published: May 26, 2024

Nowadays, depressive disorder is spreading rapidly all over the world. Therefore, attention to studies of pathogenesis disease in order find novel ways early diagnosis and treatment increasing among scientific medical communities. Special drawn a biomarker therapeutic strategy through microbiota–gut–brain axis. It known that symbiotic interactions between gut microbes host can affect mental health. The review analyzes mechanisms action microbiota on pathophysiology depression. possibility using knowledge about taxonomic composition metabolic profile patients with depression select gene compositions (metagenomic signature) as biomarkers evaluated. use silico technologies (machine learning) for based given. Alternative approaches are being considered by balancing microbial dietary modifications additives, namely probiotics, postbiotics (including vesicles) prebiotics psychobiotics, fecal transplantation. bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii under consideration promising new-generation probiotic auxiliary diagnostic analysis conducted this may be useful clinical practice pharmacology.

Language: Английский

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Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update on Assessment and Management

NeuroSci, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3(4), P. 667 - 676

Published: Nov. 22, 2022

Cognitive impairment (CI) is a core feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and affects up to 65% patients in every phase the disease, having deep impact on all aspects patients' lives. functions most frequently involved include information processing speed, learning memory, visuospatial abilities, executive function. The precise pathogenetic mechanisms underpinning CI MS are still largely unknown, but deemed be mainly related pathological changes lesioned normal-appearing white matter, specific neuronal grey matter structures, immunological alterations, with particular synaptic transmission plasticity. Moreover, much research needed therapeutic strategies. Small moderate efficacy has been reported for disease-modifying therapies, particularly high-efficacy drugs, symptomatic therapies (dalfampridine), while strongest benefit emerged after cognitive training. present narrative review provides concise, updated overview more recent evidence prevalence, profile, mechanisms, treatment people MS. should screened regular basis as part routine clinical assessments, brief tools now widely available (such Symbol Digit Modalities Test). main goal assessment prompt implementation preventive interventions.

Language: Английский

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Alterations of the Composition and Neurometabolic Profile of Human Gut Microbiota in Major Depressive Disorder

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. 2162 - 2162

Published: Sept. 2, 2022

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. Factors causing pathogenesis of MDD include gut microbiota (GM), which interacts with host through gut-brain axis. In previous studies GM in patients, 16S rRNA sequencing was used, provided information about composition but not function. our study, we analyzed whole metagenome data to assess changes both and functional profile GM. We looked at 36 compared that 38 healthy volunteers. Comparative taxonomic analysis showed decreased abundances Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia hominis, intestinalis, elevated Escherichia coli Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans patients. observed levels bacterial genes encoding key enzymes involved production arginine, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, melatonin, acetic, butyric conjugated linoleic acids, spermidine These produced signature pairs prausntizii correlated this species results show potential impact identified biomarker bacteria their metabolites on MDD, should be confirmed future metabolomic studies.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic Targets in Schizophrenia Development and Therapy

Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 426 - 426

Published: March 1, 2023

Schizophrenia is regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder with its course progressing throughout life. However, the aetiology and development of schizophrenia are still under investigation. Several data suggest that dysfunction epigenetic mechanisms known to be involved in pathomechanism this mental disorder. The present article revised background based on available online databases (PubMed, Scopus). This paper focused role regulation, such DNA methylation, histone modifications, interference non-coding RNAs, development. also reviewed related regulation may modify severity disease possible target for pharmacotherapy. Moreover, effects antipsychotics malfunction discussed preclinical clinical results. obtainable alterations schizophrenia. they showed important modifications antipsychotic action. There need more establish therapy. It would special interest find develop new targets therapy because patients could show little or no response current pharmacotherapy have treatment-resistant

Language: Английский

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Unveiling the Enigma: Exploring Risk Factors and Mechanisms for Psychotic Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease through Electronic Medical Records with Deep Learning Models

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. 911 - 911

Published: June 21, 2023

Around 50% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may experience psychotic symptoms after onset, resulting in a subtype AD known as psychosis (AD + P). This is characterized by more rapid cognitive decline compared to without psychosis. Therefore, there great need identify risk factors for the development P and explore potential treatment options. In this study, we enhanced our deep learning model, DeepBiomarker, predict onset utilizing data from electronic medical records (EMRs). The model demonstrated superior predictive capacity an AUC (area under curve) 0.907, significantly surpassing conventional prediction models. Utilizing perturbation-based method, identified key features multiple medications, comorbidities, abnormal laboratory tests, which notably influenced outcomes. Our findings substantial agreement existing studies, underscoring vital role metabolic syndrome, inflammation, liver function pathways P. Importantly, DeepBiomarker not only offers precise but also provides mechanistic understanding, potentially informing innovative treatments. With additional validation, approach could contribute early detection prevention strategies P, thereby improving patient outcomes quality life.

Language: Английский

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TAARs as Novel Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Depression: A Narrative Review of the Interconnection with Monoamines and Adult Neurogenesis

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 1263 - 1263

Published: June 6, 2024

Depression is a common mental illness of great concern. Current therapy for depression only suitable 80% patients and often associated with unwanted side effects. In this regard, the search development new antidepressant agents remains an urgent task. review, we discuss current available evidence indicating that G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) might represent targets treatment. The most frequently studied receptor TAAR1 has already been investigated in treatment schizophrenia, demonstrating anxiolytic properties. fact, agonist Ulotaront currently undergoing phase 2/3 clinical trials testing its safety efficacy major depressive disorder generalized anxiety disorder. Other members TAAR family (TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, TAAR9) are not involved innate olfaction volatile amines, but also expressed limbic brain areas. Furthermore, animal studies have shown TAAR2 TAAR5 regulate emotional behaviors thus may hold promise as potential targets. Of particular interest their connection dopamine serotonin systems involvement regulation adult neurogenesis, known to be affected by drugs use. Further non-clinical necessary validate (and potentially other TAARs) novel therapeutic depression.

Language: Английский

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The Biology and Biochemistry of Kynurenic Acid, a Potential Nutraceutical with Multiple Biological Effects

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(16), P. 9082 - 9082

Published: Aug. 21, 2024

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an antioxidant degradation product of tryptophan that has been shown to have a variety cytoprotective, neuroprotective and neuronal signalling properties. However, mammalian transporters receptors display micromolar binding constants; these are consistent with its typically tissue concentrations but far above serum/plasma concentration (normally tens nanomolar), suggesting large gaps in our knowledge transport mechanisms action, the main influx characterized date equilibrative, not concentrative. In addition, it substrate known anion efflux pump (ABCC4), whose vivo activity largely unknown. Exogeneous addition L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine leads production KYNA also many other co-metabolites (including some such as 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine quinolinic may be toxic). With exception chestnut honey, exists at relatively low levels natural foodstuffs. bioavailability reasonable, terminal element irreversible reaction most pathways, might added exogenously without disturbing upstream metabolism significantly. Many examples, which we review, show valuable bioactivity. Given above, review potential utility nutraceutical, finding significantly worthy further study development.

Language: Английский

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