Avian flu: «for whom the bell tolls»? DOI Creative Commons
Zhirnov Op, L'vov Dk

Problems of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 69(2), P. 101 - 118

Published: May 6, 2024

The family Orthomyxoviridae consists of 9 genera, including Alphainfluenza virus, which contains avian influenza viruses. In two subtypes H5 and H7 besides common low-virulent strains, a specific type highly virulent virus have been described to cause more than 60% mortality among domestic birds. These variants are usually referred as «avian virus». difference between high (HPAI) low (LPAI) viruses is due the structure arginine-containing proteolytic activation site in hemagglutinin (HA) protein. was identified 100 years ago during this time they outbreaks wild birds on all continents only few local episodes disease humans XXI century. Currently, sharp increase incidence H5N1 subtype (clade h2.3.4.4b) has registered continents, accompanied by transmission various species mammals. recorded global rate wild, agricultural from approaching level 1 billion cases. A dangerous epidemic factor becoming frequent with mammals, particular seals marine lions North South America, minks fur-bearing animals Spain Finland, street cats Poland. clade h2.3.4.4b strains isolated mammals genetic signatures partial adaptation human body PB2, NP, HA, NA genes, play major role regulating aerosol host range virus. current situation poses real threat pre-adaptation intermediate hosts, followed transition pre-adapted into population catastrophic consequences.

Language: Английский

Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in dairy cattle: origin, evolution, and cross-species transmission DOI Creative Commons
Elsayed M. Abdelwhab, Mahmoud M. Naguib, Aitor Nogales

et al.

mBio, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 13, 2024

Since the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b as a novel reassortant from subtype H5N8, has led to massive number outbreaks worldwide in wild and domestic birds. Compared parental HPAIV H5N8 2.3.4.4b, displayed an increased ability escape species barriers infect multiple mammalian species, including humans. The host range been recently expanded include ruminants, particularly dairy cattle United States, where cattle-to-cattle transmission was reported. As with 2.3.4.4.b viruses, cattle-infecting found transmit other contact animals cats, raccoons, rodents, opossums, poultry. Although replication cows appears be mainly confined mammary tissue, high levels viral loads detected milk, infected cats poultry showed severe respiratory disease, neurologic signs, eventually died. Furthermore, several human infections have also reported farm workers were attributed exposures cattle. This is believed represent first mammalian-to-human report H5N1. Fortunately, infection humans cows, opposed animals, mild most cases. Nevertheless, bovine outbreak represents largest mammal close humans, increasing risk that this already adapted further adapts human-to-human starts pandemic. Herein, we discuss epidemiology, evolution, pathogenesis, potential impact identified States. Eventually, interdisciplinary cooperation under One Health framework required able control ongoing stop it before expansion its geographical distribution.

Language: Английский

Citations

26
Evolution of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the context of vaccination DOI Creative Commons
Yujie Hou, Guohua Deng, Pengfei Cui

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: April 17, 2024

Human infections with the H7N9 influenza virus have been eliminated in China through vaccination of poultry; however, has not yet eradicated from poultry. Carefully analysis viruses poultry that sub-optimal immunity may provide a unique opportunity to witness evolution highly pathogenic avian context vaccination. Between January 2020 and June 2023, we isolated 16 samples collected during surveillance were sent us for disease diagnosis. Genetic indicated these belonged single genotype previously detected Antigenic 12 antigenically close H7-Re4 vaccine used since 2022, other four showed reduced reactivity vaccine. Animal studies all nonlethal mice, six virulence chickens upon intranasally inoculation. Importantly, this study exclusively bound avian-type receptors, having lost capacity bind human-type receptors. Our shows slows by preventing its reassortment eliminates harmful characteristic virus, namely ability

Language: Английский

Citations

11
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in ex vivo cultures of bovine mammary gland and teat tissues DOI Creative Commons
Masaki Imai, Hiroshi Ueki,

Mutsumi Ito

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Novel H16N3 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory gulls in China in 2023 DOI Creative Commons
Peng Peng,

Jinyan Shen,

Wenjun Shi

et al.

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

As a rare subtype of avian influenza virus, H16 viruses are predominant in gulls but rarely found domestic birds. The low prevalence has limited our understanding their epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics. In this study, we isolated three novel H16N3 from migratory East Asian–Australasian Flyway eastern China 2023, which significantly different previously identified isolates. To fully understand the genetics characteristics global viruses, compared host divergence several subtypes determined that H13 were predominantly pooled into species by sharing internal genes, whereas waterfowl Anatidae served as primary natural reservoirs H8, H11, H12, H14, H15 subtypes. Detailed phylogenetic analysis revealed globally circulating frequent gene reassortment. Furthermore, gull origin collectively donors for newly emerged highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 because H13/H16-like PA, NP, NS genes have been introduced since May 2022 Europe. date, reassortants containing segments detected wild birds resulted mammal human infections. These results improve knowledge ecology emphasize need surveillance to monitor emergence

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Emerging Threats of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in US Dairy Cattle: Understanding Cross-Species Transmission Dynamics in Mammalian Hosts DOI Creative Commons
Chithra Sreenivasan, Feng Li, Dan Wang

et al.

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1703 - 1703

Published: Oct. 30, 2024

The rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in poultry, wild birds, and other mammalian hosts, including humans, raises significant health concerns globally. recent emergence HPAI agricultural animals such as cattle goats indicates ability to breach unconventional host interfaces, further expanding range. Among four types-A, B, C, D, are most susceptible D infection serve a reservoir for this seven-segmented virus. It is generally thought that bovines not hosts types viruses, type A. However, long-standing viewpoint has been challenged by outbreaks dairy cows United States. To date, into fourteen states, affecting 299 herds causing clinical symptoms reduced appetite, fever, sudden drop milk production. Infected can also transmit disease through raw milk. This review article describes current epidemiological landscape US its interspecies transmission events reported across globe. discusses viral determinants tropism, range, adaptative mutations various with natural experimental infections, vaccination strategies. Finally, it summarizes some immediate questions need be addressed better understanding biology, transmission, immune response bovines.

Language: Английский

Citations

7
Evolution and biological characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin gene DOI Creative Commons

Xin Xing,

Jianzhong Shi, Pengfei Cui

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Nov. 15, 2023

H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin (HA) gene have been widely detected in birds and poultry several countries. During our routine surveillance, we isolated 28 between January 2017 October 2020. To investigate genetic relationship of globally circulating biological properties those China, performed a detailed phylogenic analysis 274 representative strains analyzed antigenic properties, receptor-binding preference, virulence mice China. The indicated that HA genes belonged to six subclades, namely clades 2.3.2.1a 2.3.2.1f; these acquired mutations underwent complicated reassortment form 58 genotypes, with G43 being dominant genotype eight Asian African this study carried 2.3.2.1c (two strains), 2.3.2.1d (three or 2.3.2.1f (23 formed genotypes. These were antigenically well-matched H5-Re12 vaccine strain used Animal studies showed pathogenicity ranged from non-lethal highly lethal mice. Moreover, exclusively bound avian-type receptors not ability bind human-type receptors. Our reveals overall picture evolution provides insights into control viruses.

Language: Английский

Citations

16
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) from Wild Birds, Poultry, and Mammals, Peru DOI Creative Commons
Cristhopher D. Cruz, Eliana Icochea D.,

Victoria Espejo

et al.

Emerging infectious diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(12), P. 2572 - 2576

Published: Nov. 29, 2023

We identified highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b in wild birds, poultry, and a lion Peru during November 2022-February 2023 markers associated with transmission adaptation antiviral drug resistance. Continuous genomic surveillance is needed to inform public health measures avoid mass animal deaths.

Language: Английский

Citations

16
A broad-spectrum vaccine candidate against H5 viruses bearing different sub-clade 2.3.4.4 HA genes DOI Creative Commons

Yuancheng Zhang,

Pengfei Cui, Jianzhong Shi

et al.

npj Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Aug. 19, 2024

The global spread of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses threatens poultry and public health. continuous circulation these has led to their considerable genetic antigenic evolution, resulting in the formation eight subclades (2.3.4.4a-h). Here, we examined sites that determine differences between two vaccine strains, H5-Re8 (clade 2.3.4.4g) H5-Re11 2.3.4.4h). Epitope mapping data revealed all identified were located within classical regions, with five region A (positions 115, 120, 124, 126, 140) three B 151, 156, 185). Through cartography analysis mutants varying numbers substitutions, confirmed a combination mutations reverses antigenicity H5-Re8, vice versa. More importantly, our analyses H5-Re11_Q115L/R120S/A156T (H5-Re11 + 3) as promising candidate for broad-spectrum vaccine, positioned centrally map, offering potential universal protection against variants 2.3.4.4. 3 serum better cross-reactivity than sera generated other vaccines, provided 100% chickens antigenically drifted from various groups. Our findings suggest regions are immunodominant viruses, cartography-guided design is strategy selecting vaccine.

Language: Английский

Citations

6
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in wild rats in Egypt during 2023 DOI Creative Commons
Omnia Kutkat, Mokhtar R. Gomaa, Yassmin Moatasim

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

We detected highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in wild rats collected from a rural area Giza, Egypt, near poultry farms, markets, and backyard flocks. Sequence phylogenetic analyses indicated that the belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, which has been predominant genotype circulating Egypt worldwide since 2021-2022. Active surveillance of viruses domestic mammals is recommended prevent further spread humans.

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Recombinant duck enteritis virus bearing the hemagglutinin genes of H5 and H7 influenza viruses is an ideal multivalent live vaccine in ducks DOI Creative Commons

Yubo Zhao,

Pucheng Chen,

Yuzhen Hu

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Nov. 15, 2023

Due to the fact that many avian influenza viruses kill chickens are not lethal ducks, farmers reluctant use inactivated vaccines on ducks. Large numbers of unvaccinated ducks play an important role in transmission from wild birds domestic poultry, creating a substantial challenge vaccination strategies for control. To solve this problem, we constructed recombinant duck enteritis virus (DEV), rDEV-dH5/H7, using live attenuated DEV vaccine strain (vDEV) as vector. rDEV-dH5/H7 carries hemagglutinin gene two H5 [GZ/S4184/17 (H5N6) (clade 2.3.4.4 h) and LN/SD007/17 (H5N1) 2.3.2.1d)] H7 [GX/SD098/17 (H7N9)]. These three genes were stably inherited expressed rDEV-dH5/H7-infected cells. Animal studies revealed vDEV induced similar neutralizing antibody responses protection against challenge. Importantly, strong long-lasting inhibition antibodies different provided complete challenges with homologous heterologous highly pathogenic Our study shows could serve ideal protect infection viruses.

Language: Английский

Citations

13