Advances in diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer

BMJ, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e076743 - e076743

Published: Feb. 12, 2024

Abstract Bladder cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with substantial impacts on patient quality life, morbidity, mortality, cost to the healthcare system. Gross hematuria frequently precedes diagnosis bladder cancer. Non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC) managed initially transurethral resection tumor (TURBT), followed by risk stratified approach adjuvant intravesical therapy (IVe), an overall survival 90%. However, cure rates remain lower for muscle invasive (MIBC) owing variety factors. NMIBC MIBC groupings are heterogeneous have unique pathological molecular characteristics. Indeed, The Cancer Genome Atlas project identified genetic drivers luminal basal subtypes distinct treatment responses. For NMIBC, IVe immunotherapy (primarily BCG) gold standard high grade reduce or prevent both recurrence progression after initial TURBT; novel trials incorporate immune checkpoint inhibitors. gene combination chemotherapy recently been completed, promising results. localized MIBC, essential goals improving care reducing morbidity following cystectomy preserving strategies. In metastatic disease, advances in understanding genomic landscape microenvironment led implementation inhibitors, targeted treatments, antibody-drug conjugates. Defining better selection criteria identify patients most likely benefit from specific urgent need.

Language: Английский

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Breast cancer statistics 2024

CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 74(6), P. 477 - 495

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Abstract This is the American Cancer Society's biennial update of statistics on breast cancer among women based high‐quality incidence and mortality data from National Institute Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Breast continued an upward trend, rising by 1% annually during 2012–2021, largely confined to localized‐stage hormone receptor‐positive disease. A steeper increase in younger than 50 years (1.4% annually) versus older (0.7%) overall was only significant White women. Asian American/Pacific Islander had fastest both age groups (2.7% 2.5% per year, respectively); consequently, young second lowest rate 2000 (57.4 100,000) but highest 2021 (86.3 alongside (86.4 100,000), surpassing Black (81.5 100,000). In contrast, death continuously declined 1989–2022 44% overall, translating 517,900 fewer deaths this time. However, not all have experienced progress; remained unchanged since 1990 Indian/Alaska Native women, 38% higher despite 5% lower incidence. Although Black‐White disparity partly reflects more triple‐negative cancers, survival every subtype stage except localized disease, with which they are 10% less likely be diagnosed (58% vs. 68%), highlighting disadvantages social determinants health. Progress against could accelerated mitigating racial, ethnic, disparities through improved clinical trial representation access screening treatment.

Language: Английский

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A Cell-free DNA Blood-Based Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening

New England Journal of Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 390(11), P. 973 - 983

Published: March 13, 2024

Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed in adults United States. Early detection could prevent more than 90% of colorectal cancer-related deaths, yet one screening-eligible population not up to date with screening despite multiple available tests. A blood-based test has potential improve adherence, detect earlier, and reduce mortality.

Language: Английский

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Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: July 5, 2024

Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, maintain tumor heterogeneity. continues be significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy were main cancer treatments. The technology treatments develop advance, emergence targeted therapy, immunotherapy provides more options for patients certain extent. However, limitations efficacy treatment resistance still inevitable. Our review begins with brief introduction historical discoveries, original hypotheses, pathways regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, their crosstalk. We focus on role CSCs various therapeutic outcomes resistance, including how affect content alteration related molecules, CSCs-mediated clinical value targeting refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. summary, efficacy, method is difficult determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms biomarkers currently mainstream idea.

Language: Английский

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Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 800 - 800

Published: March 11, 2024

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence increased over years. A potential strategy to counter growing spread various forms cancer is adoption prevention strategies, in particular, use healthy lifestyles, such maintaining weight, following diet; being physically active; avoiding smoking, alcohol consumption, sun exposure; vitamin D supplementation. These modifiable risk factors are associated with this disease, contributing development, progression, severity. This review evaluates relationship between potentially overall specifically breast, colorectal, prostate cancer, highlights updated recommendations on prevention. The results numerous clinical epidemiological studies clearly show influence lifestyles development cancer. An incorrect diet, composed mainly saturated fats processed products, resulting body combined physical inactivity, induced an increase all three types under study. Given importance adopting correct prevent global institutions should develop strategies environments that encourage individuals adopt regular behaviors.

Language: Английский

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Cancer statistics 2024: All hands on deck

CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 74(1), P. 8 - 9

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

The 2024 update to Cancer Statistics from the American Society estimates that over 2,000,000 people this year will hear words, "you have cancer."1 This amounts nearly 5500 each day, or equivalent one person experiencing every 15 seconds. marks first time incidence has eclipsed 2 million Americans, with more being diagnosed at earlier stages of these diseases, when cure rates are highest. Consequently, cancer mortality continues decline, an estimated 4.1 lives saved since 1991, because significant investments in research and screening by National Institutes Health, Centers for Disease Control Prevention, Society, others. To us, four parts report particularly stand out. First, historically, been a disease disproportionally affects men. However, demonstrates that, whereas men stable 2013, women ticked up late 1990s, attributed higher breast uterine corpus cancers melanoma. Thus is becoming gender-indiscriminate, male-to-female ratio 1.14 (95% CI, 1.136–1.143) all ages. Many hypothesized differential lifestyle risk-taking behaviors, alongside environmental exposures, resulted as gap between genders closes, signs may point risk factors (e.g., obesity, sedentary lifestyle) similarly affecting both groups, highlighting need better understanding phenomenon. Second, although overall increasing, there particular populations disproportionately affected. For example, rise White increased about 1% per mid-2000s, increase excess 2% Black, Hispanic, Asian American, Pacific Islander people. Colorectal (CRC) too shows variability age considered; declines noted CRC largely lower rate older than 65 years; among those younger 55 years, year. Finally, saw their stabilize liver and, potentially, melanoma 2015 2019, yet Taken together, highlights how cannot be over-simplified diagnosis, nor can we generalize trends short bullet. Third, tremendous advances treatment hematologic advanced solid tumor malignancies, impact disparities overstated. Compared women, Black stage (44% vs. 23%) poorer prognosis (5-year survival 63% 84%, respectively). As authors out, systemic like guideline-concordant diagnostic protocols play big role. Even more, it likely self-identification categories, such White, Asian, mask differences outcomes groups. include descendants immigrants many 48 distinct countries. Whereas seen 33% drop 1999 2021, picture driven deaths adults. A closer look adults 50 years lung death fallen, they coincide CRC. now leading cause second women. Fourth, reports highlight gaps opportunities existing databases data-collection mechanisms. norms regarding complete data collection sexual gender minoritized evolve, so must national registries fully appreciate distinctive affected cancer. Furthermore, continue incomplete living metastatic considered survivors.2 Across United States, registry dictate assigned initial diagnosis not updated if someone experiences recurrence develops disease. Clinically, important conversation does occur once; ongoing changes one's circumstances diagnoses evolve. It also question uncommonly asked: me disease? Importantly, solutions this, but requires documentation procedures. Joint Commission on designation re-treatment, r, its tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system.3, 4 Although I (T1N0M0), recurrence, could re-staged way signify evolution (rT0N0M1). used routinely standard fashion presents opportunity us collect within subsequently analyzed. In summary, make progress oncology overall, certain ethnic, racial, age, geographic face disproportionate burden mortality. Like others, find health wholly unacceptable agree Plan Biden Moonshot Initiative bold new collaborations thinking needed produce different outcomes. notes, seconds real reminder urgency end know everyone. Don S. Dizon personal fees AstraZeneca Doximity; service Data Safety Monitoring Board Clovis Oncology, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, LLC; owns stock options Midi Doximity, outside submitted work. Arif H. Kamal Homebase Medical work Chief Executive Officer Prepped Health.

Language: Английский

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Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management

American Journal of Hematology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(9), P. 1802 - 1824

Published: June 28, 2024

Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies.

Language: Английский

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Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Eosinophil Ratio (NER) in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cancers, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(21), P. 3689 - 3689

Published: Oct. 31, 2024

The identification of reliable prognostic biomarkers is crucial for optimizing cancer treatment strategies, especially in the era personalized medicine. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate significance neutrophil-to-eosinophil ratio (NER) various types, with a focus on its association overall survival (OS) progression-free (PFS).

Language: Английский

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Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States, 2019

CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 74(5), P. 405 - 432

Published: July 11, 2024

In 2018, the authors reported estimates of number and proportion cancers attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in 2014 United States. These data are useful for advocating informing cancer prevention control. Herein, based on up-to-date relative occurrence data, estimated invasive cases (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) deaths, overall 30 types among adults who were aged years older 2019 States, that factors. included cigarette smoking; second-hand smoke; excess body weight; alcohol consumption; consumption red processed meat; low fruits vegetables, dietary fiber, calcium; physical inactivity; ultraviolet radiation; seven carcinogenic infections. Numbers deaths obtained from sources with complete national coverage, factor prevalence nationally representative surveys, associated risks published large-scale pooled or meta-analyses. 2019, an 40.0% (713,340 1,781,649) all incident 44.0% (262,120 595,737) States evaluated Cigarette smoking was leading contributing (19.3% 28.5%, respectively), followed by weight (7.6% 7.3%, (5.4% 4.1%, respectively). For 19 types, more than one half considered this study. Lung had highest (201,660) (122,740) factors, female breast (83,840 cases), melanoma (82,710), colorectal (78,440) (25,800 deaths), liver (14,720), esophageal (13,600) deaths. Large numbers underscoring potential substantially reduce burden through broad equitable implementation preventive initiatives.

Language: Английский

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Aging and cancer

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: May 18, 2024

Abstract Aging and cancer exhibit apparent links that we will examine in this review. The null hypothesis aging coincide because both are driven by time, irrespective of the precise causes, can be confronted with idea share common mechanistic grounds referred to as ‘hallmarks’. Indeed, several hallmarks also contribute carcinogenesis tumor progression, but some molecular cellular characteristics may reduce probability developing lethal cancer, perhaps explaining why very old age (> 90 years) is accompanied a reduced incidence neoplastic diseases. We discuss possibility process itself causes meaning time-dependent degradation supracellular functions accompanies produces byproduct or ‘age-associated disease’. Conversely, its treatment erode health drive process, has dramatically been documented for survivors diagnosed during childhood, adolescence, young adulthood. conclude connected superior including endogenous lifestyle factors, well bidirectional crosstalk, together render not only risk factor an important parameter must considered therapeutic decisions.

Language: Английский

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