Intestinal barrier dysfunction as a key driver of severe COVID-19

World Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 68 - 90

Published: March 21, 2023

The intestinal lumen harbors a diverse consortium of microorganisms that participate in reciprocal crosstalk with immune cells and epithelial endothelial cells, forming multi-layered barrier enables the efficient absorption nutrients without an excessive influx pathogens. Despite being lung-centered disease, severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects multiple systems, including gastrointestinal tract pertinent gut function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can inflict either direct cytopathic injury to or indirect immune-mediated damage. Alternatively, SARS-CoV-2 undermines structural integrity by modifying expression tight junction proteins. In addition, induces profound alterations microflora at phylogenetic metabolomic levels (dysbiosis) are accompanied disruption local responses. ensuing dysregulation gut-lung axis impairs ability system elicit robust timely responses restrict viral infection. vasculature is vulnerable SARS-CoV-2-induced injury, which simultaneously triggers activation innate coagulation condition referred as "immunothrombosis" drives thrombotic complications. Finally, increased permeability allows aberrant dissemination bacteria, fungi, endotoxin into systemic circulation contributes, certain degree, over-exuberant hyper-inflammation dictate form COVID-19. this review, we aim elucidate SARS-CoV-2-mediated effects on homeostasis their implications progression disease.

Language: Английский

---

Gut Microbiome Disruption Following SARS-CoV-2: A Review

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 131 - 131

Published: Jan. 9, 2024

COVID-19 has been associated with having a negative impact on patients’ gut microbiome during both active disease and in the post-acute phase. In acute COVID-19, rapid alteration of composition was observed, showing one side reduction beneficial symbionts (e.g., Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae) other an increase opportunistic pathogens such as Enterococcus Proteobacteria. Alpha diversity tends to decrease, especially initially symptom onset hospital admission. Although clinical recovery appears align improved homeostasis, this process could take several weeks, even mild infections. Moreover, patients syndrome showed changes composition, specific signatures decreased respiratory function up 12 months following disease. Potential treatments, probiotic-based therapy, are under investigation. Open questions remain possibility use data predict progression potential confounders that may impair result interpretation concomitant therapies phase; reinfection, vaccines, occurrence novel conditions or diseases syndrome). Understanding relationships between dynamics contribute better understanding post-COVID pathogenesis inform personalized treatment can affect targets markers.

Language: Английский

---

Meta-analysis of 16S rRNA microbial data identified alterations of the gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients during the acute and recovery phases

BMC Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Nov. 14, 2022

Abstract Background Dozens of studies have demonstrated gut dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients during the acute and recovery phases. However, a consensus on specific associated bacteria is missing. In this study, we performed meta-analysis to explore whether robust reproducible alterations microbiota exist across different populations. Methods A systematic review was conducted for published prior May 2022 electronic databases. After review, included 16 that comparing those controls. The 16S rRNA sequence data these were then re-analyzed using standardized workflow synthesized by meta-analysis. Results We found bacterial diversity both phases consistently lower than non-COVID-19 individuals. Microbial differential abundance analysis showed depletion anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing enrichment taxa with pro-inflammatory properties phase compared Analysis microbial communities recovered still unhealthy ecostates. Conclusions Our results provided comprehensive synthesis better understand perturbations identified underlying biomarkers microbiome-based diagnostics therapeutics.

Language: Английский

---

SARS CoV-2-Induced Viral Sepsis: The Role of Gut Barrier Dysfunction

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(5), P. 1050 - 1050

Published: May 19, 2022

A considerable proportion of patients with severe COVID-19 meet Sepsis-3 criteria and share common pathophysiological mechanisms multiorgan injury bacterial sepsis, in absence secondary infections, a process characterized as “viral sepsis”. The intestinal barrier exerts central role the sequence events that lead from SARS-CoV-2 infection to systemic complications. Accumulating evidence suggests disrupts integrity biological, mechanical immunological gut barrier. Specifically, microbiota diversity beneficial bacteria population are reduced, concurrently overgrowth pathogenic (dysbiosis). Enterocytes’ tight junctions (TJs) disrupted, apoptotic death epithelial cells is increased leading permeability. In addition, mucosal CD4(+) CD8(+) T cells, Th17 neutrophils, dendritic macrophages activated, T-regulatory decreased, thus promoting an overactivated immune response, which further injures epithelium. This dysfunctional permits escape luminal bacteria, fungi endotoxin normally sterile extraintestinal sites circulation. Pre-existing dysfunction endotoxemia comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes immunosuppression predisposes aggravated endotoxemia. Bacterial translocation promote inflammation activation, characterize induced sepsis” syndrome associated multisystemic complications COVID-19.

Language: Английский

---

Association between Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccine Immunogenicity

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 452 - 452

Published: Feb. 10, 2023

Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to play a pivotal role in various human physiological functions and diseases. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, research has suggested that dysbiosis of gut also involved development severity symptoms by regulating SARS-CoV-2 entry modulating inflammation. Previous studies have their metabolites could immunomodulatory effects on vaccine immunogenicity, including influenza vaccines oral rotavirus vaccines. In light these observations, it possible plays influencing immune responses vaccinations via similar mechanisms lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, peptidoglycan, short-chain fatty acids. this review, we give an overview current understanding manifestations immunogenicity. We then discuss limitations currently published associations between outcomes. Future directions shall be focused microbiota-based interventions improving response infection vaccinations.

Language: Английский

---

Alterations in gut immunological barrier in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: March 15, 2023

Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily associated with mild respiratory symptoms, a subset of patients may develop more complicated systemic complications and multiple organ injury. The gastrointestinal tract be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 or secondarily affected viremia the release inflammatory mediators that cause viral entry from epithelium. Impaired intestinal barrier function in infection key factor leading to excessive microbial endotoxin translocation, which triggers strong immune response leads development sepsis syndrome severe sequelae. Multiple components gut system are affected, resulting diminished dysfunctional immunological barrier. Antiviral peptides, mediators, cell chemotaxis, secretory immunoglobulins important parameters negatively infection. Mucosal CD4+ CD8+ T cells, Th17 neutrophils, dendritic macrophages activated, number regulatory cells decreases, promoting an overactivated increased expression type I III interferons other proinflammatory cytokines. changes immunologic could promoted part dysbiotic microbiota, through commensal-derived signals metabolites. On hand, environment further compromise integrity epithelium enterocyte apoptosis disruption tight junctions. This review summarizes during their prognostic potential.

Language: Английский

---

Gut Microbiome Composition and Dynamics in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients and Patients with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 567 - 567

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in the modulation of host responses during viral infections, and recent studies have underscored its significance context coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to investigate dynamics compositional changes COVID-19 patients, addressing both acute phase recovery process, with particular focus on emergence post-COVID-19 conditions. Involving 146 patients 110 healthy controls, this study employed shotgun metagenomics approach for cross-sectional longitudinal analyses one- three-month follow-ups. observed decline taxonomic diversity among hospitalized compared while subsequent increase alpha was shown process. A notable contribution Enterococcus faecium identified infection, accompanied by an increasing abundance butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae_unclassified) period. highlighted protective Prevotella genus long-term process suggested potential population-specificity early markers post-acute syndrome. Our represents distinctive signatures COVID-19, diagnostic prognostic implications, pinpointing modulators progression.

Language: Английский

---

The pediatric gut bacteriome and virome in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Introduction Since the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in early 2020, it has been apparent that children were partially protected from both infection and more severe forms disease. Many different mechanisms have proposed to explain this phenomenon, including children’s frequent exposure other upper respiratory infections vaccines, which inflammatory cytokines they are likely produce response infection. Furthermore, given presence intestine its ability infect enterocytes, combined with well described immunomodulatory capabilities microbiome, another potential contributing factor may be certain protective microbial members gut microbiota (GM). Methods We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing profiled bacteriome virome GM pediatric patients compared healthy, age-matched subjects. Results found that, while do share some pro-inflammatory signatures adult patients, also possess a distinct signature bacteria previously negatively correlated infectivity COVID-19 severity. was associated higher fecal Cytomegalovirus load, shifts relative abundances bacteriophages GM. we address how preventative treatment antibiotics, common practice especially days pandemic, affected virome, as antimicrobial resistance virulence genes these patients. Discussion To our knowledge, is first study bacteriome, resistome antibiotics use.

Language: Английский

---

Microbial Signatures in COVID-19: Distinguishing Mild and Severe Disease via Gut Microbiota

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 996 - 996

Published: May 1, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has significantly impacted global healthcare, underscoring importance of exploring virus's effects on infected individuals beyond treatments and vaccines. Notably, recent findings suggest that can infect gut, thereby altering gut microbiota. This study aimed to analyze microbiota composition differences between patients experiencing mild severe symptoms. We conducted 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing fecal samples from 49 43 cases upon hospital admission. Our analysis identified a differential abundance specific bacterial species associated with severity disease. Severely affected showed an association

Language: Английский

---

Corticosteroid Dosing Level, Incidence and Profile of Bacterial Blood Stream Infections in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 86 - 86

Published: Jan. 5, 2024

COVID-19 patients with severe or critical symptoms are often treated corticosteroids, per contemporary guidelines. Due to their immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties, corticosteroids associated the development of superinfections. We aimed retrospectively assess patterns corticosteroid use profiles bacterial blood stream infections exposure different dosing levels, in a cohort 1558 real-life adult patients. A total 1391 (89.3%) were 710 (45.6%) receiving low, 539 (34.6%) high 142 (9.1%) very doses. Bacteremia developed 178 (11.4%) The risk bacteremia was similar magnitude between no low-dose treatments (p = 0.352), whereas it progressively increased (OR 6.18, 95% CI (2.66–14.38), p < 0.001) doses 8.12, (3.29–20.05), 0.001), compared treatment. These associations persisted after multivariate adjustments present independently sex, comorbidity burden, mechanical ventilation. individual pathogens differed depending on used High frequently for clinical presentations higher ventilation use.

Language: Английский

---