The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review DOI Creative Commons
Giulia Campli,

Olga Volovych,

Kenneth M. Kim

et al.

Published: Jan. 13, 2024

Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation Arthropoda produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because cannot grow, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones accommodate growing individuals encased within. Arthropods therefore undergo periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre-moult phase ecdysis itself post-moult maturation exoskeleton. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod’s life cycle, so process tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so-called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview current status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses exoskeleton remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under-explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra-conserved” core genes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage-specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations processes remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

Terpenes and Terpenoids in Plants: Interactions with Environment and Insects DOI Open Access
Delbert Almerick T. Boncan, Stacey S.K. Tsang,

Chade Li

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(19), P. 7382 - 7382

Published: Oct. 6, 2020

The interactions of plants with environment and insects are bi-directional dynamic. Consequently, a myriad mechanisms has evolved to engage organisms in different types interactions. These can be mediated by allelochemicals known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which include terpenes (VTs). emission VTs provides way for communicate the environment, including neighboring plants, beneficiaries (e.g., pollinators, seed dispersers), predators, parasitoids, herbivores, sending enticing or deterring signals. Understanding terpenoid distribution, biogenesis, function an opportunity design implementation effective efficient environmental calamity pest management strategies. This review overview plant–environment plant–insect context terpenoids important chemical mediators these abiotic biotic

Language: Английский

Citations

329
Signaling Pathways That Regulate the Crustacean Molting Gland DOI Creative Commons
Donald L. Mykles

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: June 21, 2021

A pair of Y-organs (YOs) are the molting glands decapod crustaceans. They synthesize and secrete steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) their activity is controlled by external internal signals. The YO transitions through four physiological states over molt cycle, which mediated molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH; basal state), mechanistic Target Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1; activated Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ)/Activin (committed ecdysteroid (repressed state) signaling pathways. MIH, produced in eyestalk X-organ/sinus gland complex, inhibits synthesis ecdysteroids. model for MIH organized into a cAMP/Ca

Language: Английский

Citations

59
Endocrine factors modulating vitellogenesis and oogenesis in insects: An update DOI
Jimena Leyria

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 587, P. 112211 - 112211

Published: March 15, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

14
Epoxidation of juvenile hormone was a key innovation improving insect reproductive fitness DOI Open Access
Marcela Nouzová, Marten J. Edwards,

Veronika Michalková

et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(45)

Published: Oct. 25, 2021

Methyl farnesoate (MF) plays hormonal regulatory roles in crustaceans. An epoxidated form of MF, known as juvenile hormone (JH), controls metamorphosis and stimulates reproduction insects. To address the evolutionary significance MF epoxidation, we generated mosquitoes completely lacking either two enzymes that catalyze last steps MF/JH biosynthesis respectively: JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT) P450 epoxidase CYP15 (EPOX). jhamt-/- larvae both died at onset metamorphosis. Strikingly, epox-/- mutants, which synthesized but no JH, completed entire life cycle. While adults were fertile, reproductive performance sexes was dramatically reduced. Our results suggest although can substitute for absence mosquitoes, it is with a significant fitness cost. We propose fulfill most its epoxidation to key innovation providing insects advantage.

Language: Английский

Citations

43
Genome of the ramshorn snail Biomphalaria straminea-an obligate intermediate host of schistosomiasis. DOI
Wenyan Nong, Yifei Yu, Madeleine E. Aase-Remedios

et al.

PubMed, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Feb. 15, 2022

Schistosomiasis, or bilharzia, is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. Infection Schistosoma mansoni in humans results when cercariae emerge into water from freshwater snails Biomphalaria and seek out penetrate human skin. The snail straminea native to South America now also present Central China, represents potential vector host for spreading schistosomiasis. To date, genomic information restricted neotropical species glabrata. This limits understanding biology management other schistosomiasis vectors, such as B. straminea.Using combination Illumina short-read, 10X Genomics linked-read, Hi-C sequencing data, our 1.005 Gb genome assembly high contiguity, with scaffold N50 25.3 Mb. Transcriptomes adults were obtained. Developmental homeobox genes, hormonal stress-response genes identified, repeat content was annotated (40.68% content). Comparisons mollusc genomes (including Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda) revealed syntenic conservation, patterns gene linkage indicative evolutionary changes clusters, expansion heat shock protein presence sesquiterpenoid cholesterol metabolic pathway Gastropoda. In addition, hormone treatment together RT-qPCR assay reveal responsive system straminea, illustrating that this renowned insect lophotrochozoan lineage.This study provides first offers an unprecedented opportunity address variety phenomena related vectors schistosomiasis, well genomics questions molluscs more widely.

Language: Английский

Citations

29
Neural mechanisms of parasite-induced summiting behavior in ‘zombie’ Drosophila DOI Creative Commons
Carolyn Elya, Danylo Lavrentovich,

Emily Lee

et al.

eLife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 15, 2023

For at least two centuries, scientists have been enthralled by the "zombie" behaviors induced mind-controlling parasites. Despite this interest, mechanistic bases of these uncanny processes remained mostly a mystery. Here, we leverage

Language: Английский

Citations

22
The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review DOI Creative Commons
Giulia Campli,

Olga Volovych,

Kenneth M. Kim

et al.

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(6), P. 2338 - 2375

Published: July 22, 2024

ABSTRACT Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because limited extensibility exoskeleton chitin cuticle components, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones, notably accommodate growing individuals encased within. Therefore, grow discontinuously undergoing periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre‐moult phase ecdysis itself post‐moult maturation exoskeletons. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod's life cycle, so processes tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so‐called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting current models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under‐explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra‐conserved” core genes processes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage‐specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations Arthropoda remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

Citations

8
A decade with the juvenile hormone receptor DOI
Marek Jindra, Sarka Tumova, Matěj Miláček

et al.

Advances in insect physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 37 - 85

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

36
Evolution of proteins involved in the final steps of juvenile hormone synthesis DOI Creative Commons
Vlastimil Smýkal, David Doležel

Journal of Insect Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 145, P. 104487 - 104487

Published: Jan. 25, 2023

Juvenile hormone (JH), a sesquiterpenoid produced by the insect corpus allatum gland (CA), is key regulator of metamorphosis, reproduction, caste differentiation, and polyphenism. The first part JH biosynthesis occurs via universal eukaryotic mevalonate pathway. final steps involve epoxidation methylation. However, sequence these might not be conserved among all insects Crustacea. Therefore, we used available genomic transcriptomic data identified acid methyltransferase (JHAMT), analyzed their duplications in selected model organisms, reconstructed phylogeny. We have further phylogeny FAMeT proteins show that evolution this protein group more complicated than originally appreciated. analysis delineates important milestones several biosynthetic enzymes arthropods, reviews major literature on last synthesis, defines questions some hypotheses worth pursuing experimentally.

Language: Английский

Citations

17
Simultaneous Detection and Distribution of Five Juvenile Hormones in 58 Insect Species and the Absolute Configuration in 32 Insect Species DOI
Guoqiang Yi,

Rikang Ba,

Jie Luo

et al.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 71(20), P. 7878 - 7890

Published: May 16, 2023

Juvenile hormone (JH) plays an important role in regulating various insect physiological processes. Herein, a novel method (chiral and achiral) for the simultaneous detection of five JHs was established by processing whole without complicated hemolymph extraction. The proposed used to determine distribution 58 species absolute configuration 32 species. results showed that JHSB3 uniquely synthesized Hemiptera, JHB3 unique Diptera, JH I II were Lepidoptera. III present most surveyed, with social insects having generally higher titers. Interestingly, JHB3, both double epoxidation JHs, found sucking mouthparts. conformation 10C detected all R stereoisomers.

Language: Английский

Citations

15