The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: July 7, 2021

Abstract The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global crisis and is more devastating than any other previous infectious disease. It affected significant proportion of the population both physically mentally, destroyed businesses societies. Current evidence suggested that immunopathology may be responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis, including lymphopenia, neutrophilia, dysregulation monocytes macrophages, reduced or delayed type I interferon (IFN-I) response, antibody-dependent enhancement, especially, cytokine storm (CS). CS characterized by hyperproduction an array pro-inflammatory cytokines closely associated with poor prognosis. These excessively secreted initiate different inflammatory signaling pathways via their receptors on immune tissue cells, resulting in complicated medical symptoms fever, capillary leak syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress multiorgan failure, ultimately leading to death most severe cases. Therefore, it clinically important understand initiation develop effective treatment strategies COVID-19. Herein, we discuss latest developments immunopathological characteristics focus current research status involved. We also induction, function, downstream signaling, existing potential interventions targeting these related signal pathways. believe comprehensive understanding will help better effectively control this disease diseases.

Language: Английский

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Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections

Archives of Disease in Childhood, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 106(5), P. 429 - 439

Published: Dec. 1, 2020

In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with the novel acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). this review, we discuss proposed hypotheses for age-related difference in severity of disease 2019 (COVID-19). Factors explain COVID-19 and adults include those that put at higher risk protect children. The former include: (1) increase endothelial damage changes clotting function; (2) density, increased affinity different distribution angiotensin converting enzyme receptors transmembrane serine protease 2; (3) pre-existing antibodies (including antibody-dependent enhancement) T cells; (4) immunosenescence inflammaging, including effects chronic cytomegalovirus infection; (5) a prevalence comorbidities associated (6) lower levels vitamin D. might differences innate adaptive immunity; more frequent recurrent concurrent infections; immunity coronaviruses; microbiota; melatonin; protective off-target live vaccines (7) intensity exposure SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

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Role of pyroptosis in inflammation and cancer

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(9), P. 971 - 992

Published: Aug. 15, 2022

Language: Английский

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Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: Dec. 24, 2020

Abstract On 12 March 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization. As 4 August more than 18 million confirmed infections had been reported globally. Most patients have mild symptoms, but some develop respiratory failure which is leading cause death among COVID-19 patients. Endothelial cells with high levels angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression are major participants and regulators inflammatory reactions coagulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial activation dysfunction participate in pathogenesis altering integrity vessel barrier, promoting pro-coagulative state, inducing inflammation, even mediating leukocyte infiltration. This review describes proposed cellular molecular mechanisms during emphasizing principal mediators therapeutic implications.

Language: Английский

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Lessons from the host defences of bats, a unique viral reservoir

Nature, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 589(7842), P. 363 - 370

Published: Jan. 20, 2021

Language: Английский

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Higher mortality of COVID-19 in males: sex differences in immune response and cardiovascular comorbidities

Cardiovascular Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 116(14), P. 2197 - 2206

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

The high mortality rate of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a critical concern the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Strikingly, men account for majority COVID-19 deaths, with current figures ranging from 59% to 75% total mortality. However, despite clear implications in relation mortality, most research has not considered sex as factor data analysis. Here, we highlight fundamental biological differences that exist between males and females, how these may make significant contributions male-biased We present preclinical evidence identifying influence on expression regulation angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), which main receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 enter cells. note there lack reports showing sexual dimorphism ACE2 exists functional relevance humans. In contrast, strong evidence, especially context viral infections, plays central role genetic hormonal immune responses, both innate adaptive system. review supporting ineffective anti-SARS-CoV-2 coupled predisposition inappropriate hyperinflammatory could provide explanation male bias A prominent finding increased risk death pre-existing cardiovascular comorbidities, such hypertension, obesity, age. contextualize important features inflammation exhibit reciprocal relationship explain their risk. Ultimately, demonstrate variable our mechanistic understanding pursuit effective preventative therapeutic strategies.

Language: Английский

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Metformin inhibition of mitochondrial ATP and DNA synthesis abrogates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pulmonary inflammation

Immunity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 54(7), P. 1463 - 1477.e11

Published: June 10, 2021

Language: Английский

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Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(21), P. 11338 - 11338

Published: Oct. 20, 2021

Mitochondria are the energy center of cell. They found in cell cytoplasm as dynamic networks where they adapt production based on cell’s needs. also at proinflammatory response and have essential roles against pathogenic infections. a major site for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS; or free radicals), which to fight infection. However, excessive uncontrolled can become deleterious cell, leading mitochondrial tissue damage. Pathogens exploit role mitochondria during infection by affecting oxidative phosphorylation mechanism (OXPHOS), network disrupting communication between nucleus mitochondria. The these biological processes makes organelle good targets development therapeutic strategies. In this review, we presented summary endosymbiotic origin their involvement pathogen response, well potential promising infectious diseases chronic inflammatory diseases.

Language: Английский

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Genetics Insight for COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity: A Review

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 1, 2021

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from an asymptomatic to severe course. The host genetic background influence on the susceptibility and outcome multiples infectious diseases has been previously reported. Herein, we aimed describe relevant identified variants those potentially related inter-individual variability COVID-19 and/or severity considering physiopathological pathway HLA-A*25:01 , - B*15:27 -B*46:01 -C*01:02 -C*07:29 alleles have associated with susceptibility; while HLA-A*02:02 -B*15:03 -C*12:03 as low-risk alleles. Variants in cytokine genes such IL1B IL1R1 IL1RN IL6 IL17A FCGR2A TNF could be storm, complications (e.g., venous thrombosis). Several ACE2 TMPRSS2 affecting expression receptors risk factors. Finally, two GWAS loci 3p21.31 ( LZTFL1 SLC6A20 CCR9 FYCO1 CXCR6 XCR1 ) 9q34.2 ABO severity. Heterogeneous results association were observed. mechanism risk-genes studies different populations are still warranted.

Language: Английский

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A Bibliometric Analysis of Pyroptosis From 2001 to 2021

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Aug. 18, 2021

Pyroptosis is a new programmed cell death discovered in recent years. plays an important role various diseases. Nevertheless, there are few bibliometric analysis systematically studies this field. We aimed to visualize the research hotspots and trends of pyroptosis using help understand future development basic clinical research.The articles reviews regarding were culled from Web Science Core Collection. Countries, institutions, authors, references keywords field visually analyzed by CtieSpace VOSviewer software.A total 2845 included. The number significantly increased yearly. These publications mainly come 70 countries led China USA 418 institutions. identified 605 among which Thirumaladevi Kanneganti had most significant articles, Shi JJ was co-cited often. Frontiers immunology journal with studies, Nature commonly cited journal. After analysis, common nod like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome, apoptosis, death, gasdermin D, mechanism, caspase-1, others current developing areas study.Research on flourishing. Cooperation exchanges between institutions must be strengthened future. related pathway mechanism pyroptosis, relationship other types deaths as well diseases have been focus developmental research.

Language: Английский

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