Kharkiv Surgical School,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
1, P. 39 - 43
Published: March 20, 2024
Abstract.
Objective:
To
study
the
state
of
cellular
link
immunity
in
acute
and
chronic
cholangitis.
Materials
methods.
Cholangitis
always
worsens
condition
biliary
system.
Depending
on
magnitude
pathological
changes
bile
ducts,
we
distinguished
three
groups
patients.
Group
I
–
cholangitis
caused
by
obstruction
main
extrahepatic
ducts
due
to
choledocholithiasis,
group
II
conditions
cicatricial
strictures
III
already
performed
reconstruction
duct
The
indicators
were
studied
separately
each
group.
results.
conducted
studies
indicate
an
imbalance
immune
system
patients
with
different
courses
presence
inflammation
a
mild
degree
severity
causes
stimulation
almost
all
links
system,
while
branch
reacts
first.
Conclusions.
Long-term
was
accompanied
suppression
markers
T-lymphocyte
differentiation
—
CD2+,
CD3+,
CD4+
CD8+,
which
take
part
antigen
presentation,
signal
transmission
other
cells
affect
their
adhesive
properties.
The Lancet,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
404(10457), P. 1053 - 1066
Published: Aug. 28, 2024
Primary
biliary
cholangitis
is
a
chronic,
autoimmune,
cholestatic
disease
that
mainly
affects
women
aged
40-70
years.
Recent
epidemiological
studies
have
shown
an
increasing
incidence
worldwide
despite
geographical
heterogeneity
and
decrease
in
the
female-to-male
ratio
of
those
affects.
Similar
to
other
autoimmune
diseases,
primary
occurs
genetically
predisposed
individuals
upon
exposure
environmental
triggers,
specifically
xenobiotics,
smoking,
gut
microbiome.
Notably,
diversity
intestinal
microbiome
diminished
with
cholangitis.
The
intricate
interplay
among
immune
cells,
cytokines,
chemokines,
epithelial
cells
postulated
as
underlying
pathogenic
mechanism
involved
development
progression
cholangitis,
extensive
research
has
been
dedicated
comprehending
these
complex
interactions.
Following
official
approval
obeticholic
acid
second-line
treatment
for
patients
incomplete
response
or
intolerance
ursodeoxycholic
acid,
clinical
trials
indicated
peroxisome
proliferator
activator
receptor
agonists
are
promising
additional
drugs.
Future
dual
triple
drug
regimens
might
reach
new
goal
normalisation
alkaline
phosphatase
levels,
rather
than
less
1·67
times
upper
limit
normal
potentially
improve
long-term
outcomes.
Improvement
health-related
quality
life
better
recognition
care
subjective
symptoms,
such
pruritus
fatigue,
also
important
goal.
Promising
investigations
underway
alleviate
symptoms.
Efforts
facilitate
access
medical
dissemination
current
knowledge
should
enable
diagnosis
at
earlier
stage
ensure
treatments
based
on
risk
stratification
all
patients.
Seminars in Immunopathology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
44(4), P. 461 - 474
Published: May 31, 2022
Abstract
Autoimmune
liver
diseases
(AILD)
include
autoimmune
hepatitis
(AIH),
primary
biliary
cholangitis
(PBC)
and
sclerosing
(PSC).
These
immune-mediated
involve
a
break
down
in
peripheral
self-tolerance
with
largely
unknown
aetiology.
Regulatory
T
cells
(Treg)
are
crucial
maintaining
immunological
tolerance.
Hence,
Treg
immunotherapy
is
an
attractive
therapeutic
option
AILD.
Currently,
AILD
do
not
have
curative
treatment
patients
take
life-long
immunosuppression
or
bile
acids
to
control
hepatic
inflammation.
Clinical
investigations
using
good
manufacturing
practice
(GMP)
disease
thus
far
demonstrated
that
therapy
safe
migrate
inflamed
tissue.
For
achieve
efficacy
AILD,
must
be
retained
within
the
maintain
their
suppressive
phenotype
dampen
ongoing
immune
responses
hepatocytes
epithelium.
Therefore,
subsets
should
selected
for
tissue
residency
markers
maximal
functionality.
Optimisation
of
dosing
regime
understanding
longevity
vivo
critical
successful
therapy.
It
also
essential
consider
combination
options
complement
infused
Treg,
instance
low-dose
interleukin-2
(IL-2)
support
pre-existing
survival
function.
Understanding
microenvironment
both
early-
late-stage
presents
significant
opportunity
better
tailor
different
patient
groups.
Modification
hostile
more
favourable
one
either
prior
during
could
enhance
GMP-Treg.
Applying
recent
technology
discovery
autoantigen
cell
receptor
(TCR)
sequencing
use
chimeric
antigen
(CAR)
represents
next
frontier
disease-specific
CAR-Treg
therapies.
Consideration
all
these
aspects
future
trials
research
would
position
GMP
as
viable
personalised-medicine
effective
diseases.
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
30(4), P. 620 - 648
Published: July 11, 2024
Steatotic
liver
diseases
(SLD)
are
the
principal
worldwide
cause
of
cirrhosis
and
end-stage
cancer,
affecting
nearly
a
quarter
global
population.
SLD
includes
metabolic
dysfunction-associated
alcoholic
disease
(MetALD)
steatotic
(MASLD),
resulting
in
asymptomatic
steatosis,
fibrosis,
associated
complications.
The
immune
processes
include
gut
dysbiosis,
adiposeliver
organ
crosstalk,
hepatocyte
death
cell-mediated
inflammatory
processes.
Notably,
various
cells
such
as
B
cells,
plasma
dendritic
conventional
CD4<sup>+</sup>
CD8<sup>+</sup>
T
innate-like
platelets,
neutrophils
macrophages
play
vital
roles
development
MetALD
MASLD.
Immunological
modulations
targeting
death,
reactions
microbiome
N-acetylcysteine,
selonsertib,
F-652,
prednisone,
pentoxifylline,
anakinra,
JKB-121,
HA35,
obeticholic
acid,
probiotics,
prebiotics,
antibiotics
fecal
microbiota
transplantation.
Understanding
immunological
mechanisms
underlying
is
crucial
for
advancing
clinical
therapeutic
strategies.
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
54-55, P. 101757 - 101757
Published: June 16, 2021
The
innate
and
adaptive
immune
systems
work
as
a
complex
interplay
between
different
cell
types,
involving
cytokines
chemokines
mediating
extracellular
paracrine
effects.
At
the
intracellular
level,
inflammatory
cascade
is
mediated
by
multifaceted
processes
that
have
been
better
described
in
last
10
years.
Immunosuppressive
agents
available
clinical
practice
act
at
points
of
those
cascades
or
level.
Those
drugs
can
mediate
their
effects
on
one
more
types
finally
limiting
inflammation
responses
to
antigens.
Every
immunosuppressive
agent
characterized
intrinsic
toxicity
side
may
be
due
same
therapeutic
pathways
off-target
secondary
effect
each
molecule.
We
will
here
review
mechanisms
action
most
widely
used
field
solid
organ
transplantation
autoimmune
disorders,
describing
underlying
both
The FASEB Journal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
38(5)
Published: March 12, 2024
Abstract
Rituximab,
the
first
monoclonal
antibody
approved
for
treatment
of
lymphoma,
eventually
became
one
most
popular
and
versatile
drugs
ever
in
terms
clinical
application
revenue.
Since
its
patent
expiration,
consequently,
loss
exclusivity
original
biologic,
repurposing
as
an
off‐label
drug
has
increased
dramatically,
propelled
by
development
commercialization
many
biosimilars.
Currently,
rituximab
is
prescribed
worldwide
to
treat
a
vast
range
autoimmune
diseases
mediated
B
cells.
Here,
we
present
comprehensive
overview
115
across
17
medical
specialties,
sourced
from
over
1530
publications.
Our
work
highlights
extent
use
benefits,
underlining
success
both
common
orphan
immune‐related
diseases.
We
discuss
scientific
mechanism
associated
with
efficacy
provide
additional
indications
which
could
be
investigated.
study
presents
flagship
example
owing
central
role
targeting
cluster
differentiate
20
positive
(CD20)
cells
Medical Review,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
4(4), P. 326 - 365
Published: June 28, 2024
Abstract
Fibrosis
resulting
from
pathological
repair
secondary
to
recurrent
or
persistent
tissue
damage
often
leads
organ
failure
and
mortality.
Biliary
fibrosis
is
a
crucial
but
easily
neglected
feature
in
hepatobiliary
disorders,
which
may
promote
the
development
progression
of
benign
malignant
biliary
diseases
through
healing
mechanisms
tract
injuries.
Elucidating
etiology
pathogenesis
beneficial
prevention
treatment
diseases.
In
this
review,
we
emphasized
importance
cholangiopathies
summarized
clinical
manifestations,
epidemiology,
aberrant
cellular
composition
involving
ductules,
cholangiocytes,
immune
system,
fibroblasts,
microbiome.
We
also
focused
on
pivotal
signaling
pathways
offered
insights
into
ongoing
trials
proposing
strategic
approach
for
managing
fibrosis-related
cholangiopathies.
This
review
will
offer
comprehensive
perspective
provide
an
important
reference
future
mechanism
research
innovative
therapy
prevent
reverse
fibrosis.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: Sept. 23, 2021
B
lymphocytes
are
multitasking
cells
that
direct
the
immune
response
by
producing
pro-
or
anti-inflammatory
cytokines,
presenting
processed
antigen
for
T
cell
activation
and
co-stimulation,
turning
into
antibody-secreting
cells.
These
functions
important
to
control
infection
in
liver
but
can
also
exacerbate
tissue
damage
fibrosis
as
part
of
persistent
inflammation
lead
end
stage
disease
requiring
a
transplant.
In
transplantation,
immunosuppression
increases
incidence
lymphoma
often
this
is
origin.
review
we
bring
together
information
on
biology
from
different
diseases,
including
alcohol-related
metabolic
fatty
disease,
autoimmune
hepatitis,
primary
biliary
sclerosing
cholangitis,
viral
hepatitis
and,
infants,
atresia.
We
discuss
impact
depletion
therapy
setting.
Taken
together,
our
analysis
shows
pathogenesis
diseases
further
research
necessary
fully
characterise
human
compartment.
The FASEB Journal,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
39(2)
Published: Jan. 15, 2025
Metabolic
dysfunction-associated
steatohepatitis
(MASH)
is
characterized
by
severe
liver
inflammation
and
fibrosis
due
to
an
imbalanced
immune
response
caused
enhanced
bacterial
components.
The
progression
of
MASH
closely
linked
increased
permeability
intestinal
mucosal
barrier
facilitating
enter
components
into
hepatic
portal
venous
system.
B
cells
are
important
for
adaptive
responses
enhance
through
cytokine
production
T
cell
activation.
influenced
gut
microbiota,
but
the
specific
populations
in
their
pathologic
mechanism
remain
obscure.
Here,
we
found
that
numbers
highly
expressing
CXCR5,
receptor
CXCL13
chemokine,
were
livers
MASH.
CXCR5
high
non-proliferating
naive
with
inflammatory
features
mainly
residing
parenchyma
affect
pathology.
Importantly,
revealed
induced
stimulating
TLRs.
These
stimulator-induced
CXCR5hi
express
TNFα,
CD80,
MHC
class
II,
leading
Consistently,
confirmed
intravenous
injection
model.
Ultimately,
this
study
elucidates
role
mechanisms
advancing
progression.
