Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects

Archives of Toxicology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 20, 2024

Abstract Heavy metals are naturally occurring components of the Earth’s crust and persistent environmental pollutants. Human exposure to heavy occurs via various pathways, including inhalation air/dust particles, ingesting contaminated water or soil, through food chain. Their bioaccumulation may lead diverse toxic effects affecting different body tissues organ systems. The toxicity depends on properties given metal, dose, route, duration (acute chronic), extent bioaccumulation. detrimental impacts human health largely linked their capacity interfere with antioxidant defense mechanisms, primarily interaction intracellular glutathione (GSH) sulfhydryl groups (R-SH) enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, peroxidase (GPx), reductase (GR), other enzyme Although arsenic (As) is believed bind directly critical thiols, alternative hydrogen peroxide production processes have also been postulated. known signaling pathways affect a variety cellular processes, cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, apoptosis. For example, cadmium can BLC-2 family proteins involved in mitochondrial death overexpression antiapoptotic Bcl-2 suppression proapoptotic (BAX, BAK) thus increasing resistance cells undergo malignant transformation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) an important regulator enzymes, level oxidative stress, oxidants has shown act double-edged sword response arsenic-induced stress. Another mechanism significant threats metal (e.g., Pb) involves substitution essential calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe)) structurally similar (Cd) (Pb)) metal-binding sites proteins. Displaced redox (copper, iron, manganese) from natural catalyze decomposition Fenton reaction generate damaging ROS hydroxyl radicals, causing damage lipids, proteins, DNA. Conversely, some metals, cadmium, suppress synthesis nitric oxide radical (NO · ), manifested by altered vasorelaxation and, consequently, blood pressure regulation. Pb-induced stress be indirectly responsible for depletion due its (O ·− resulting formation potent biological oxidant, peroxynitrite (ONOO − ). This review comprehensively discusses mechanisms effects. Aluminum (Al), (Cd), (As), mercury (Hg), (Pb), chromium (Cr) roles development gastrointestinal, pulmonary, kidney, reproductive, neurodegenerative (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases), cardiovascular, cancer (e.g. renal, lung, skin, stomach) diseases discussed. A short account devoted detoxification chelation use ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA), dimercaprol (BAL), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic (DMPS), penicillamine chelators.

Language: Английский

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Targeting natural antioxidant polyphenols to protect neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases: a comprehensive review

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Polyphenols, naturally occurring phytonutrients found in plant-based foods, have attracted significant attention for their potential therapeutic effects neurological diseases and neuroinflammation. These compounds possess diverse neuroprotective capabilities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloid properties, which contribute to mitigating the progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Dementia, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Stroke, Huntington's (HD). Polyphenols been extensively studied ability regulate inflammatory responses by modulating activity pro-inflammatory genes influencing signal transduction pathways, thereby reducing neuroinflammation neuronal death. Additionally, polyphenols shown promise various cellular signaling pathways associated with viability, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function. Epidemiological clinical studies highlight polyphenol-rich diets decrease risk alleviate symptoms disorders Furthermore, demonstrated through regulation key Akt, Nrf2, STAT, MAPK, play critical roles neuroprotection body's immune response. This review emphasizes growing body evidence supporting combating neurodegeneration neuroinflammation, well enhancing brain health. Despite substantial promising hypotheses, further research investigations are necessary fully understand role establish them advanced targets age-related neuroinflammatory conditions.

Language: Английский

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Shattering the Amyloid Illusion: The Microbial Enigma of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis—From Gut Microbiota and Viruses to Brain Biofilms

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 90 - 90

Published: Jan. 5, 2025

For decades, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) research has focused on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which identifies amyloid-beta (Aβ) as primary driver of disease. However, consistent failure Aβ-targeted therapies to demonstrate efficacy, coupled with significant safety concerns, underscores need rethink our approach AD treatment. Emerging evidence points microbial infections environmental factors in pathoetiology. Although a definitive causal link remains unestablished, collective is compelling. This review explores unconventional perspectives and emerging paradigms regarding involvement pathogenesis, emphasizing gut-brain axis, brain biofilms, oral microbiome, viral infections. Transgenic mouse models show that gut microbiota dysregulation precedes Aβ accumulation, signaling pathways. Viral like Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may lead by modulating host processes immune system. peptide's antimicrobial function response infection might inadvertently promote AD. We discuss potential microbiome-based promising strategies for managing potentially preventing progression. Fecal transplantation (FMT) restores balance, reduces improves cognition preclinical models. Probiotics prebiotics reduce neuroinflammation plaques, while antiviral targeting HSV-1 vaccines shingles vaccine mitigate pathology. Developing effective treatments requires standardized methods identify measure patients, enabling personalized address individual contributions pathogenesis. Further needed clarify interactions between microbes Aβ, explore bacterial interplay, understand their broader effects translate these insights into clinical interventions.

Language: Английский

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Role of Oxidative Stress in Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(12), P. 1462 - 1462

Published: Nov. 28, 2024

Upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels is a principal feature observed in the brains neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s (AD). In these diseases, oxidative stress can disrupt blood–brain barrier (BBB). This disruption allows neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, pathogens to enter brain, leading increased ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation. Collectively, factors result protein modification, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and, ultimately, neural cell damage. this review article, we present mechanisms by which damage leads BBB breakdown brain diseases. Additionally, summarize potential therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing that contributes

Language: Английский

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The Alteration of Microglial Calcium Homeostasis in Central Nervous System Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

Neuroglia, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(4), P. 410 - 444

Published: Oct. 21, 2024

Microglia, the unique and motile immune cells of central nervous system (CNS), function as a security guard in maintaining CNS homeostasis, primarily through calcium signaling. The dynamics microglia control important functions such phagocytosis, cytokine release, migration. Calcium dysregulation has been linked to several disorders, like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemic stroke (IS). entering channels voltage-gated (VGCCs), store-operated entry (SOCE), transient receptor potential (TRP) is essential for microglial activation pro-inflammatory responses. Under pathological conditions, formation amyloid-β plaques AD, aggregation α-synuclein PD, oxidative stress MS, exacerbates neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration. Therapeutic strategies targeting signaling pathways, using channel blockers antioxidant interventions, show promise alleviating slowing down progression. This review summarizes underlying mechanisms therapeutic benefits restoring balance disorders.

Language: Английский

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Relationship between enriched environment and neurodegeneration: a review from mechanism to therapy

Clinical Epigenetics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Enriched environment (EE), as a non-pharmacological intervention, has garnered considerable attention for its potential to ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). This review delineated the impact of EE on biological functions associated with NDs, emphasizing role in enhancing neural plasticity, reducing inflammation, and bolstering cognitive performance. We discussed molecular underpinnings effects EE, including modulation key signaling pathways such extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), AMPK/SIRT1, which were implicated neuroprotection synaptic plasticity. Additionally, we scrutinized influence epigenetic modifications autophagy, processes pivotal ND pathogenesis. Animal models, encompassing both rodents larger animals, offer insights into disease-modifying underscoring complementary approach pharmacological interventions. In summary, emerges promising strategy augment function decelerate progression NDs.

Language: Английский

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Protective Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve MCC1274 as a Novel Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 558 - 558

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and characterized by memory impairment that significantly interferes with daily life. Therapeutic options for AD substantively modify progression remain a critical unmet need. In this regard, gut microbiota crucial in maintaining human health regulating metabolism immune responses, increasing evidence suggests probiotics, particularly beneficial bacteria, can enhance cognitive functions. Recent studies have highlighted positive effects Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. MCC1274) on individuals mild (MCI) schizophrenia. Additionally, oral supplementation B. has been shown to effectively prevent decline AppNL–G–F mice. relation pathology, found reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation tau phosphorylation both wild-type (WT) It also decreases microglial activation increases levels synaptic proteins. review, we examine AD, exploring potential mechanisms action how probiotic strain may aid preventing or treating disease. Furthermore, discuss broader implications improving overall host provide insights into future research directions promising therapy.

Language: Английский

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Synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection: The molecular impact of flavonoids on neurodegenerative disease progression

Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 569, P. 161 - 183

Published: Feb. 7, 2025

Language: Английский

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Tyrosine kinase as therapeutic target of neurodegenerative disorders

Brain Disorders, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 100193 - 100193

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Microbial signatures and therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 184, P. 117905 - 117905

Published: Feb. 10, 2025

Language: Английский

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