Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: July 6, 2022

The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is key peptide hormone and mediates the systemic glucose metabolism in different tissues. resistance (IR) disordered biological response for stimulation through disruption molecular pathways target Acquired conditions genetic factors have been implicated IR. Recent biochemical studies suggest that dysregulated metabolic mediators released by adipose tissue including adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, excess lipids toxic lipid metabolites promote IR other associated with several groups abnormal syndromes include obesity, diabetes, dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), abnormalities. Although no medication specifically approved treat IR, we summarized lifestyle changes pharmacological medications used as efficient intervention improve sensitivity. Ultimately, systematic discussion complex mechanism will help identify potential new targets closely

Language: Английский

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The Connection Between Physical Exercise and Gut Microbiota: Implications for Competitive Sports Athletes

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 52(10), P. 2355 - 2369

Published: May 21, 2022

Abstract Gut microbiota refers to those microorganisms in the human digestive tract that display activities fundamental life. With at least 4 million different bacterial types, gut is composed of bacteria are present levels sixfold greater than total number cells entire body. Among its multiple functions, helps promote bioavailability some nutrients and metabolization food, protects intestinal mucosa from aggression pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, by stimulating production mediators able reach central nervous system (gut/brain axis), participates modulation moods behaviors. Several endogenous exogenous factors can cause dysbiosis with important consequences on composition functions microbiota. Recent research underlines importance appropriate physical activity (such as sports), nutrition, a healthy lifestyle ensure presence functional physiological working maintain health whole organism. Indeed, addition bowel disturbances, variations qualitative quantitative microbial gastrointestinal might have systemic negative effects. Here, we review recent studies effects aim identifying potential mechanisms which exercise could affect function. Whether variable work intensity reflect changes analyzed.

Language: Английский

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Exercise sustains the hallmarks of health

Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 8 - 35

Published: Oct. 29, 2022

Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health. Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health is widely accepted as a preventative therapeutic strategy various diseases. It well-documented that maintains restores homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, cellular, molecular levels to stimulate positive physiological adaptations consequently protect against pathological conditions. Here we mainly summarize how affects major hallmarks health, including integrity barriers, containment local perturbations, recycling turnover, integration circuitries, rhythmic oscillations, homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, well repair regeneration. Furthermore, current understanding mechanisms responsible beneficial response exercise. This review aimed providing comprehensive summary vital biological through which opens window application other interventions. We hope continuing investigation this field will further increase our processes involved thus get us closer identification new therapeutics improve quality life.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 103(4), P. 2679 - 2757

Published: June 29, 2023

Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of “work-induced hypertrophy” in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance myonuclear accretion, postexercise elevations protein synthesis rates. However, several lines past emerging evidence suggest additional feed into or are independent these processes also involved. This review first provides a historical account how mechanistic has progressed. A comprehensive list associated with is then outlined, areas disagreement involving presented. Finally, future directions many discussed proposed.

Language: Английский

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Deficient butyrate-producing capacity in the gut microbiome is associated with bacterial network disturbances and fatigue symptoms in ME/CFS

Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 31(2), P. 288 - 304.e8

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is characterized by unexplained debilitating fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, and orthostatic intolerance. Here, we report a multi-omic analysis of geographically diverse cohort 106 cases 91 healthy controls that revealed differences in gut microbiome diversity, abundances, functional pathways, interactions. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Eubacterium rectale, which are both recognized as abundant, health-promoting butyrate producers the human gut, were reduced ME/CFS. Functional metagenomics, qPCR, metabolomics fecal short-chain fatty acids confirmed deficient microbial capacity for synthesis. Microbiome-based machine learning classifier models robust to geographic variation generalizable validation cohort. The abundance was inversely associated with severity. These findings demonstrate nature dysbiosis underlying network disturbance ME/CFS, providing possible targets disease classification therapeutic trials.

Language: Английский

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Breaking the barriers: the role of gut homeostasis in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: March 21, 2024

Obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and the gut microbiome intricately interplay in Metabolic-associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), previously known as Non-Alcoholic Fatty (NAFLD), a growing health concern. The complex progression of MASLD extends beyond liver, driven by "gut-liver axis," where diet, genetics, gut-liver interactions influence disease development. pathophysiology involves excessive liver fat accumulation, hepatocyte dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, with subsequent risk hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). gut, tripartite barrier, mechanical, immune, microbial components, engages constant communication liver. Recent evidence links dysbiosis disrupted barriers to systemic inflammation progression. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate immunological crosstalk between recognizing structures triggering immune responses. "multiple hit model" development factors like resistance, dysbiosis, genetics/environmental elements disrupting axis, leading impaired intestinal barrier function increased permeability. Clinical management strategies encompass dietary interventions, physical exercise, pharmacotherapy targeting bile acid (BA) metabolism, modulation approaches through prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). This review underscores microbiome, their impact on therapeutic prospects.

Language: Английский

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Celiac Disease: Beyond Diet and Food Awareness

Foods, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 377 - 377

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Celiac disease is attributable to a combination of genetic predisposition and exposure dietary gluten, with immune system involvement. The incidence increasing globally, the societal economic burden celiac stretches beyond cost gluten-free food. This enteropathy that affects small intestine has been related different disorders comorbidities. Thus, implications suffering from this are multidimensional need further consideration. serious condition remains under-recognized, resulting in an increased for programs better management. review aims summarize current evidence regarding diseases, special emphasis on clinical implications, diagnosis, management, socioeconomical aspects, future perspectives.

Language: Английский

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Rapid shift of gut microbiome and enrichment of beneficial microbes during arhatic yoga meditation retreat in a single-arm pilot study

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

The human microbiome plays a vital role in health, mediated by the gut–brain axis, with large diversity of functions and physiological benefits. dynamics mechanisms meditations on oral gut modulations are not well understood. This study investigates short-term during an Arhatic Yoga meditation retreat as improving well-being through possible gut-brain axis. A single-arm pilot clinical trial was conducted controlled environment 9-day intensive practices vegetarian diet. Oral fecal samples 24 practitioners were collected at start (Day0: T1), middle (Day3: T2), end (Day9:T3) retreat. Targeted 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing performed for both samples. Functional pathway predictions identified using phylogenetic investigation communities reconstruction unobserved states (PICRUSt2). DESeq2 used to identify differential abundant taxa. Various statistical analyses assess significant changes data. Our findings revealed that together diet led profiles within profile showed (p < 0.05) difference species richness evenness study, while non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) confirmed shift T2 timepoint, which further supported PERMANOVA analysis 0.05). Health-benefiting microbes known improve gastrointestinal gut-barrier functions, immune modulation, axis enriched. Gut beginner advanced similar trends convergence study. implies strong selection pressure beneficial microbiome. demonstrates combined short resulted enrichment health-promoting microbes. Such microbial consortia may be developed potential health benefits probiotics systems, Study submitted https://clinicaltrials.gov/on28-02-2024 . Retrospective registered.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms Linking the Gut-Muscle Axis With Muscle Protein Metabolism and Anabolic Resistance: Implications for Older Adults at Risk of Sarcopenia

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Oct. 26, 2021

Aging is associated with a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function—termed sarcopenia—as mediated, part, by anabolic resistance. This metabolic phenomenon describes the impaired response of protein synthesis (MPS) to provision dietary amino acids practice resistance-based exercise. Recent observations highlight gut-muscle axis as physiological target for combatting resistance reducing risk sarcopenia. Experimental studies, primarily conducted animal models aging, suggest mechanistic link between gut microbiota atrophy, mediated via modulation systemic acid availability low-grade inflammation that are both factors known underpin Moreover, vivo vitro studies demonstrate action specific bacteria ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) increase elicit an anti-inflammatory intestinal lumen. Prospective lifestyle approaches have recently been examined context mitigating sarcopenia risk. These include increasing fiber intake promotes growth development bacteria, thus enhancing production short-chain fatty (SCFA) (acetate, propionate, butyrate). Prebiotic/probiotic/symbiotic supplementation also generates SCFA may mitigate older adults microbiota. Preliminary evidence highlights role exercise SCFA. Accordingly, combine diets rich probiotic training serve produce microbial diversity, adults. Future warranted establish direct distinct phenotypes on utilization postprandial stimulation

Language: Английский

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Type 2 diabetes, gut microbiome, and systems biology: A novel perspective for a new era

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Aug. 24, 2022

The association between the physio-pathological variables of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and gut microbiota composition suggests a new avenue to track disease improve outcomes pharmacological non-pharmacological treatments. This enterprise requires strategies elucidate metabolic disturbances occurring in microbiome as progresses. To this end, physiological knowledge systems biology pave way for characterizing identifying move toward healthy compositions. Here, we dissect recent associations T2D. In addition, discuss advances how drugs, diet, exercise modulate favor stages. Finally, present computational approaches disentangling activity underlying host-microbiota codependence. Altogether, envision that combination physiology modeling metabolism will drive us optimize diagnosis treatment T2D patients personalized way.

Language: Английский

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