Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Endurance Athletes: Interpretation and Relevance of Measurements for Improving Performance and Health

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 54(2), P. 247 - 255

Published: Sept. 2, 2023

Abstract Blood glucose regulation has been studied for well over a century as it is intimately related to metabolic health. Research in transport and uptake also substantial within the field of exercise physiology delivery working muscles affects capacity athletic achievements. However, although exceptions exist, less focus on blood parameter optimize training competition outcomes athletes with normal control. During last years, measuring gained popularity sports community successful endurance have seen skin-mounted sensors continuous monitoring (CGM). The technique offers real-time recording concentrations interstitium, which assumed be equivalent blood. Although measurements that connected metabolism health can seem appealing, there no current consensus how interpret this context. Well-defined approaches use improve athletes’ performance are lacking. In several studies, shown differ from healthy controls. Furthermore, regularly perform demanding sessions exposed high or low energy and/or carbohydrate availability, affect levels regulation. opinion, we aim discuss highlight existing research population.

Language: Английский

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Low carbohydrate high fat ketogenic diets on the exercise crossover point and glucose homeostasis

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: March 28, 2023

In exercise science, the crossover effect denotes that fat oxidation is primary fuel at rest and during low-intensity with a shift towards an increased reliance on carbohydrate moderate to high intensities. This model makes four predictions: First, >50% of energy comes from ≥60% maximum oxygen consumption (VO

Language: Английский

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International society of sports nutrition position stand: ketogenic diets

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: June 27, 2024

Position statement The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review the use a ketogenic diet in healthy exercising adults, with focus on exercise performance body composition. However, this does not address exogenous ketone supplements. following points summarize position ISSN:

Language: Английский

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Are very high rates of exogenous carbohydrate ingestion (>90 g/hr) sufficient or indeed necessary to run a sub-2hr marathon? An analysis of the model predictions of Lukasiewicz and colleagues

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 8, 2025

Are very high rates of exogenous carbohydrate ingestion (>90g/hr) sufficient or indeed necessary to run a sub-2hr marathon? An analysis the model predictions Lukasiewicz and colleagues Provisionally accepted

Language: Английский

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A comparative analysis of energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in male university students with overweight/obesity: Tabata vs HIIT and MICT

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

Introduction Exploring the energy expenditure and substrate metabolism data during exercise, 10-minute recovery, 20-minute recovery phases in Tabata, HIIT(High-Intensity Interval Training), MICT(Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training). This study explores scientific aspects of weight reduction strategies, examining from various training perspectives. The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for tailoring targeted exercise plans individuals within population with overweight/obesity. Methods used an experimental design fifteen male university students Participants underwent random testing HIIT, MICT. Tabata involved eight sets 20 seconds 10 rest, totaling 4 minutes. HIIT included four power cycling: 3 minutes at 80% VO 2max intensity followed by 2 20% . MICT comprised 30 50% intensity. Gas indices were continuously measured. Subsequently, fat glucose oxidation rates, along expenditure, calculated each type. Results During both phases, group exhibited significantly higher rate (0.27 ± 0.03 g/min) compared (0.20 0.04 g/min, p<0.05) 0.03g/min, p<0.001). No significant difference was observed between groups (p=0.854). In terms rate, maintained substantially elevated level 5.76 0.74kcal/min (4.81 0.25kcal/min, p<0.01) (3.45 Additionally, surpassed that (p<0.001). Conclusion finds college overweight/obesity has lower groups. However, over entire process, still exhibits rates these than Despite shorter duration, shows noticeable “time-efficiency” advantage. can be as efficient short-term loss program

Language: Английский

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Effectiveness of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on body composition and maximal strength after 15 weeks of resistance training

Advances in Medical Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 69(1), P. 139 - 146

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

Language: Английский

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Prevalence of reducing carbohydrate intake and fasted training in elite endurance athletes and association with bone injury

European Journal of Sport Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 1341 - 1349

Published: July 18, 2024

Abstract There are conflicting reports both within the lay media and scientific literature regarding use benefit of dietary practices that aim to reduce CHO intake in endurance athletes. This study aimed determine prevalence intentional reduction fasted training elite endurance‐based athletes using a semi‐quantitative questionnaire. Bone is nutritionally modulated tissue; therefore, this also explore if these potentially associated with bone injury incidence. The reported was prevalent (28%) primary motivation being maintenance or manipulation body composition. However, discrepancies athletes' awareness were identified providing potential avenue intervention especially applied practice. more (38%) practice for composition promoting desired adaptive response. Forty‐four per cent participants had suffered radiographically confirmed at some point their career. no association between incidence; however, incidence 1.61 times higher those who currently compared have never used it past. Although direct causal link cannot be drawn, provides robust justification future investigations mechanisms could explain finding.

Language: Английский

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Ketogenic Diets Are Not Beneficial for Athletic Performance: Response to Noakes

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 56(4), P. 763 - 765

Published: March 15, 2024

We thank Professor Noakes for his insights on the contribution of hypoglycemia (or glycogen depletion) to exercise capacity (1). However, we feel that a holistic rather than reductionist approach is required tackle specific focus this perspective: effect ketogenic diet athletic performance. reiterate points from our original article (2): 1) sports performance explained by complex interaction factors, and 2) claim single truth superior dietary approach, scientists should identify nuances context within characteristics athlete event determine most suitable nutrition approach(es). now present sports-centric summary current literature diets endurance performance, building dashboard highlight each study traditional meta-analytical which deliberately eradicates such important detail (see Figure 1). examine (scenarios in there are likely be true differences between low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) high-carbohydrate availability (HCHO) approaches), but also caveats (issues with design raise questions about interpretations). In keeping theme, analysis limited studies (extreme CHO restriction; i.e., <50 g·d−1) generic LCHF diets, humans (rather species profound substrate utilization), populations habitual sports-specific training (at least tier 2 [15]), involving protocols related sports, have reasonable translation Performance outcomes were taken published reports individual data fully transparent or through digitalization figures using plotdigitizer.com. For time exhaustion protocols, approximated change trial methods Hopkins et al. (16). The difference means was then calculated test subtracting mean condition HCHO/control group case parallel group–designed investigations, direct comparison treatments crossover studies. suggest 2% as being real-world significance, based doubling 1% within-athlete coefficient variation performance; although arbitrary event, propose generous realistic representation competitive athletes (17).FIGURE 1: Proposed changes after interventions. - Datapoint (Study) Context Caveats adaptation alone A (6) Tier 3–5 M racewalkers (n = 10); 3 wk + base phase training; field conditions (real-life 10,000-m track races, standardized −2 h prerace meal: HCHO meal race 1 2). Parallel-group design: results compared control 9). Fully supervised intervention Nonrandomized (belief-chosen) allocation may amplify any positive (due placebo self-selection according responsiveness) B (7) F (9 M, F); 5 F). A. No menstrual female spread across groups C (8) middle-aged runners 8); LCHF; (fasted 5-km hilly run undertaken 50-min preload heat). Crossover (no washout): 2. Ad libitum education Order effect: additional 3-wk training. under suboptimal (overnight fasted, no intake during preceding run). Lack led mismatch (33% decrease) energy intake: participants lost 2.1 kg BM LCHF, contributed course. D (9) 2–3? mixed 9); 12 laboratory (100 km cycling ergometer: baseline: self-selected fueling before ride, Intervention: 30–60 g·h−1 ride; water electrolytes ride). ride 11). had higher BF at baseline substantial (~6 kg) loss (~5 over (<1 group). Seven subjects failed complete and/or testing, suggesting greater opportunity negative treatment. Other metrics collected (e.g., SS, CPT) measured relative BM, exaggerating E (10) cyclists 5); 4 ~62%–64% V˙O2max).Crossover (LCHF). all trials 4-wk support exercise); large response authors noted "limitation intensity can performed" "throttling function near V˙O2max" (11) 2? 7); d TT treadmill simultaneous expired gas analysis). Randomized (2-wk trials. validity: performed motorized while simultaneously analyzing RPE (every 500 m) reducing make small valuable pace real-life G As F: 14 H 28 I 42 J (12) 31 (treadmill 1-mile −3 prerun meal). (2–3 pretrial posttrial both 200 K (13) triathletes/runners running 70% V˙O2max: baseline/HCHO g·kg−1 ~ 8 g·kg−1·h−1 run; energy-matched Larger variability treatment; intervention, treatment L (14) 9 ergometer protocol: 90 min V˙O2max incremental protocol − increase 5% every min. group. supplied fat-rich drinks daily (voluntary) Suboptimal fasted exercise). Daily implemented "race" same allowing group; consistent reduction seen integration other strategies 7 LCHF/HCHO periodization: 17 taper; 20-km road race: following diet; ~50 g choice). (time doubled) 6 groups. Comparison via normalization distance N (15) (endogenous CHO) restoration); races prerace, preintervention postintervention). 6). O (16) triathlete 1): yr exogenous (60 high-intensity sessions) (10 trial); (2 × 30 s sprints). Case documentation 7-wk training: power output (3 documented LCHF) CHO). Monitored Unable distinguish acute effects CHO-supported P O: 4-min sprint ) Q (30 TT). R 100-km TT. S (17) racewalkers; ketone (ketone ester); Baseline/HCHO: CHO; matched 573 mg·kg−1 KE prerace). treatments; Data expressed either ± SEM difference) average (work rate) outcome.BF, body fat; mass; F, female; KE, ester supplement; male; TT, trial; V̇O2max, maximal aerobic capacity. Although consider starting point gaining more nuanced picture their various versions, note scratching surface permutations athlete, strategy; transparency around experiences needed responsiveness versus nonresponder status; 3) noting lack investigations ultraendurance events moderate-intensity workloads difficulty supplying sufficient muscle central nervous system needs creates different opportunity, does not proposal beneficial athletes. Furthermore, scenarios might equivalency high endogenous others detriment

Language: Английский

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Case report: Ketogenic diet alleviated anxiety and depression associated with insulin-dependent diabetes management

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Oct. 30, 2024

Differentiating between an irrational versus a rational fear of hypoglycemia has treatment implications and presents significant challenge for clinicians facing patients with type 1 diabetes, illustrated in this case. A 39-year-old woman autoimmune-positive insulin-dependent diabetes sought help to alleviate severe distress, symptoms depression anxiety, associated unpredictable drastic blood glucose drops. After exhausting conventional methods, she adopted ketogenic diet (KD). Her values decreased from around 20 mmol/L 12 (360 mg/dL 216 mg/dL) the first days. Then, by combining KD insulin pump, her time optimal range increased 8 51% after 2 months, reducing HbA1c 25 mmol/mol (2.2%). This reduced biological psychological stress, immediately improving mental health renewing hope future. The main concerns regarding comorbid is assumed risk ketoacidosis, theoretical depletion glycogen stores, potential adverse effect saturated fat on cardiovascular factors. These are evaluated against existing empirical evidence, suggesting instead that may protect acidosis, hypoglycemia, risk. present case, together available data, indicate experiencing high levels stress should be informed expected benefits possible risks KD, ensure their right take decisions management.

Language: Английский

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Ketogenic Diets Are Not Beneficial for Athletic Performance

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 56(4), P. 756 - 759

Published: Nov. 22, 2023

Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA Address Correspondence: Louise M Burke, 215 Spring St, Australia 3000; Phone: +61 422 635 869 Conflict of Interest and Funding Source: Burke received a series grants from University the Sport to complete research on which this manuscript in based. No funding has been commercial companies work. From 2021-2022 joined Advisory Board Science (SiS) Sports Nutrition Company. In 2015-2016 she was member an Expert Panel Gatorade Institute. She did not receive payment either role. The views perspective are presented clearly, honestly, without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. This does constitute endorsement by American College Medicine.

Language: Английский

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