Role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Cells, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(3), P. 706 - 706

Published: March 13, 2020

Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is low-grade chronic inflammatory disease that arises consequence of energy imbalance. increases the risk type 2 diabetes (T2D), by mechanisms are not entirely clarified. Elevated circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines free fatty acids (FFA) during obesity cause insulin resistance ß-cell dysfunction, two main features T2D, which both aggravated with progressive development hyperglycemia. The kinase c-jun N-terminal (JNK) responds to various cellular stress signals activated cytokines, hyperglycemia, key mediator in transition between T2D. Specifically, JNK mediates therefore potential target for T2D therapy.

Language: Английский

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Inflammaging as a common ground for the development and maintenance of sarcopenia, obesity, cardiomyopathy and dysbiosis

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 56, P. 100980 - 100980

Published: Nov. 11, 2019

Language: Английский

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Anthocyanins and Human Health—A Focus on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Disease

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(5), P. 366 - 366

Published: April 28, 2020

Consumption of anthocyanins (ACNs), due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, has been proposed for the prevention treatment several different diseases conditions. ACNs are recognized as one leading nutraceuticals prolonging health benefits through attenuation oxidative stress, inflammatory or age-related diseases. Increased consumption potential attenuate damage ensuing from inflammation, enhance cardiometabolic health, delay symptoms in predisposed neuropathology. A myriad evidence supports ACN complementary standalone strategies non-communicable (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases, well as, more recently, modulation gut bacteria bone metabolism. While these findings indicate beneficial effects consumption, food sources differ vastly composition thus potentially physiological effects. foods high can be recommended relatively easy accessible addition everyday diet.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance and the cross‐talk with liver and adipose tissue

Physiological Reports, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(19)

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and precursor event to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there an imperative need for research into insulin better understand the underlying mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms involved in include both whole body aspects, such as inflammation inflexibility; well cellular phenomena, lipotoxicity, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite numerous studies emphasizing role of lipotoxicity pathogenesis resistance, understanding interplay between these still emerging. Furthermore, tissue-specific unique responses each three major target how interconnect regulate response has become new priority research. With emphasis on skeletal muscle, this mini-review highlights key similarities differences signaling different target-tissues, presents latest findings related communicate control metabolism.

Language: Английский

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Why are South Asians prone to type 2 diabetes? A hypothesis based on underexplored pathways

Diabetologia, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 63(6), P. 1103 - 1109

Published: March 31, 2020

Language: Английский

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The Role of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products in Metabolic Dysfunction

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 65(1)

Published: April 4, 2020

Abstract Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of molecules produced, non‐enzymatically, from the interaction between reducing sugars and free amino groups proteins, nucleic acids, lipids. AGEs formed as normal consequence metabolism but can also be absorbed diet. They have been widely implicated in complications diabetes affecting cardiovascular health, nervous system, eyes, kidneys. Increased levels detrimental to metabolic health may contribute abnormalities induced by Western diet, which is high processed foods represents significant source AGEs. While increased AGE diabetic hyperglycaemia, themselves activate signaling pathways, compromise insulin pancreatic β‐cell function, thus, contributing development type 2 mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, obesogenic effects diet promoting hypothalamic inflammation disrupting central control energy balance. Here, role dietary dysfunction reviewed with focus on mechanisms underpinning their resistance, dysfunction, balance, pathogenesis T2DM obesity.

Language: Английский

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The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(20), P. 11128 - 11128

Published: Oct. 15, 2021

One of the most common chronic liver disorders, affecting mainly people in Western countries, is nonalcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD). Unfortunately, its pathophysiological mechanism not fully understood, and no dedicated treatment available. Simple steatosis can lead to steatohepatitis even fibrosis, cancer, cirrhosis liver. NAFLD very often occurs parallel with type 2 diabetes mellitus obese people. Furthermore, it much more likely develop patients metabolic syndrome (MS), whose criteria include abdominal obesity, elevated blood triacylglycerol level, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased pressure, high fasting glucose. An important phenomenon MS also insulin resistance (IR), which NAFLD. Liver IR development are linked through an interaction between accumulation free acids, hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress. The particularly exposed levels reactive oxygen species due a large number mitochondria hepatocytes. In these organelles, main DNA repair pathway base excision (BER). present article will illustrate how impairment BER may be related

Language: Английский

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The Key Role of Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 782 - 782

Published: March 23, 2023

The role of mitochondrial function in health and disease has become increasingly recognized, particularly the last two decades. Mitochondrial dysfunction as well disruptions cellular bioenergetics have been shown to be ubiquitous some most prevalent diseases our society, such type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease. However, etiology pathogenesis multiple yet elucidated, making it one significant medical challenges history. rapid advances knowledge metabolism coupled with novel understanding at molecular genetic levels show tremendous promise day elucidate mysteries this ancient organelle order treat therapeutically when needed. DNA mutations, infections, aging, a lack physical activity identified major players diseases. This review examines complexities function, whose incorporation into eukaryotic cells for energy purposes was key survival creation new species. Among these complexities, tightly intertwined derived from combustion alimentary substrates oxygen are necessary homeostasis, including production reactive discusses different etiological mechanisms by which mitochondria could dysregulated, determining fate tissues organs being protagonist many non–communicable Finally, is canonical evolutionary characteristic humans that remains embedded genes. normalization modern society led perception exercise an “intervention”. modus vivendi engrained genes sedentary real intervention collateral effect societies. It known leads and, hence, probably becomes factor affecting Since only stimulus we know can improve maintain emphasis on promotion should imperative prevent populations chronic where involved, individualized prescription crucial “metabolic rehabilitation” patients. From lessons learned elite athletes (the perfect human machines), possible translate apply concepts betterment

Language: Английский

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Cognitive impairment and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Focus of SGLT2 inhibitors treatment

Pharmacological Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 176, P. 106062 - 106062

Published: Jan. 10, 2022

Gliflozins are a novel class of oral anti-diabetic drugs, acting as inhibitors sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) through the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and intestinal epithelium. The 2 (SGLT2) mainly expressed in S1 S2 segments tubule kidneys. Clinical guidelines recommend their use especially Type Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with vascular complications and/or heart failure highlighting importance co-transporter (SGLT2i) pleiotropic effects. Interestingly, cognitive decline is widely recognized complication T2DM and, addition, to clarify its pathophysiology, there an urgent need understand how if diabetes therapies can control diabetes-related dysfunction. At time, although SGLT2 proteins present Central Nervous System (CNS), SGLT2i effects on impairments remain partly unknown. In pre-clinical studies, ameliorates dysfunction obese mice, reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation improving neuronal plasticity mitochondrial brain pathway. could bring back mTOR physiological state activation, stopping neurodegenerative diseases' onset or progression. Instead, clinical studies T2DM-related treated by much more limited. For these reasons, further needed better elucidate therapy affect decline. this scenario, review aims summarize knowledge role stimulate new trials.

Language: Английский

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A Role for Advanced Glycation End Products in Molecular Ageing

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(12), P. 9881 - 9881

Published: June 8, 2023

Ageing is a composite process that involves numerous changes at the cellular, tissue, organ and whole-body levels. These result in decreased functioning of organism development certain conditions, which ultimately lead to an increased risk death. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are family compounds with diverse chemical nature. They non-enzymatic reactions between reducing sugars proteins, lipids or nucleic acids synthesised high amounts both physiological pathological conditions. Accumulation these molecules increases level damage tissue/organs structures (immune elements, connective brain, pancreatic beta cells, nephrons, muscles), consequently triggers age-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular kidney disorders. Irrespective role AGEs initiation progression chronic disorders, reduction their levels would certainly provide health benefits. In this review, we overview areas. Moreover, examples lifestyle interventions, caloric restriction physical activities, may modulate AGE formation accumulation help promote healthy ageing.

Language: Английский

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